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18 protocols using tnf α

1

Compound Cytokine Regulation in Cells

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All the isolates and dexamethasone were dissolved in DMSO (less than 0.1% in the cell-based assays). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Cytiva (Marlborough, MA, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) powder was purchased from Beijing Langeco Technology Co., Ltd. (Shunyi District, Beijing, China). RPMI 1640 medium, penicillin-streptomycin (P/S), and pancreatin were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). All the chemicals (analytical grade) were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Pudong Zhangjiang High Tech. Park, Shanghai, China), except those otherwise specified. The TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 ELISA kits were purchased from Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Minhang District, Shanghai, China).
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2

Acne Treatment Protocol with TCM Herbs

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The IDDS prescription (rhubarb and sulfur and Fusidic Acid Cream were obtained from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) (rhubarb:20210910, sulfur:20211009, Fusidic Acid Cream:C59765).
The activity detection kit (SOD, CAT, SDH and NADP-MDH) were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. and Elisa-kit (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) were purchased from Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
C. acnes (ATCC11827) samples were purchased from Shanghai Zhichenhui Biotechnology Company Limited (Shanghai, China).
The study utilized Wistar rats, weighing between 180 and 200 g, procured from SPF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd in Beijing, China.
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3

Paederia scandens Hepatoprotective Effects

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Paederia scandens (Lour) Merr. (place of origin: Hubei, batch no. 181201) was purchased from Hainan Linshishengtai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Acetaminophen tablets (batch no. 190402) were acquired from Sinopharm Group Guangdong Medi-World Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Silybin capsules (batch no. 850703059) were purchased from Tianjin Tasly Sants Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. AST and ALT assay kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. Rat ELISA kits of iNOS (LOT202005), IL-10 (LOT202006), IL-6 (LOT202006), TNF-α (LOT202006), and NF-κB (LOT202006) were obtained from Shanghai Enzyme-Linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Male Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from Changsha Tianqin Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Our study was performed according to the international, national, and institutional guidelines for animal experiments. The animal protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee for Animal Experimentation of Hainan Medical University. The ethical inspection number is HYLL-2021-387.
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4

Biochemical Assays and Reagents Protocol

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COP (purity >98%) was purchased from Shanghai Yuan Ye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Dextra sulfate sodium was obtained from MP Biomedical (Irvine, CA, USA). Cefadroxil (purity >99%), terramycin (purity >98%) and erythromycin (purity >99%) were purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Dalian, China). Mesalazine (MSZ) was obtained from Losan Pharma GmbH, Germany. ELISA kits (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, TGF-β, and IFN-γ) were obtained from Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). BCA kit and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay kit were obtained from the Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute of Nanjing (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Primary antibodies against p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, NLRP3, ASC, Capase-1, Caspase-1 p10, GAPDH and Histone H3 were purchased from Affinity Biosciences (OH, USA). All other reagents and chemicals were at least of analytical grade.
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5

Evaluation of Jat and Mesalazine in Colitis

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DSS (36–50 kDa) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Canada). Phospho–NF–κB p65 Rabbit mAb (cat. no. 3033) and NF-κB p65 Rabbit mAb (cat. no. 8242) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. TLR4 (19811-1-AP), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) (21773-1-AP), Occludin (27260-1-AP), and GAPDH (10494-1-AP) were obtained from Proteintech (USA). MyD88 (AF5195) was purchased from Affinity Biosciences (USA). COX-2 (bs-0732R) was obtained from BIOSS. Jat Standard (purity ≥98%, Cat. No. 6681-15-8) was purchased from Chroma Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Mesalazine (5-ASA) was purchased from Losan Pharma GmbH (lot. no. L20235A). Jat and 5-ASA were dissolved in water to make an oral suspension. IL-1β, TNF-α, MPO, IL-10, and TGF-β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from Shanghai Enzyme-Linked Biotechnology (Shanghai, China) Co., Ltd.
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6

Serum Cytokine Profiling in Mice

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The serum of mice was collected, and the serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) levels were measured according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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7

Herbal Compound Bioactivity Profiling

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The T. ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.G.Hartley, Z. officinale Roscoe, P. ginseng C.A.Mey, and Z. jujuba Mill were purchased from Lvye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) (Cat: 21030801, 22041904, 21112603, 21081801) and the plants were identified and authenticated through microscopic identification and thin layer chromatography (TLC) by company according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were purchased from Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Cat: ml064292; ml002813; ml002859). The primary antibodies of albumin (ALB) (1: 1,000), and Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) (1: 1,000) were obtained from Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Cat: 16475-1-AP; 10701-1-AP).
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8

Sodium Butyrate Modulates Inflammatory Markers

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Sodium butyrate (Figure 1(a); HPLC ≥ 98.5% purity) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Trading Co. Ltd. (China). TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-17 assay kits were purchased from Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Primary antibodies, including anti-iNOS (Cell Signaling, 13120S), anti-Arg-1 (Cell Signaling, 93668S), anti-ROR gamma(t) (Invitrogen, 14-6988-82), anti-FoxP3 (Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China, bs-10211R), anti-β-actin (Proteintech, 20536-1-AP), and anti-insulin (Abcam, ab181547). Goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (cat. no. 10285-1-AP) were obtained from ProteinTech Group, Inc. (Chicago, IL, USA).
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9

Quantifying Inflammatory Cytokines in Ileal Tissue

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A 0.1 g sample of middle ileum tissue was collected and homogenized with ten times the volume of pre-cooled PBS. The supernatant was then subjected to thorough homogenization and the protein content was subsequently measured. The concentrations of TNF-α (ml002790, Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), IL-4 (ml059838, Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), and IL-10 (ml059830, Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) in the ileal tissue homogenate and serum were determined using enzyme-linked immunoassay kits. The determination procedures were conducted following the instructions provided by the manufacturer.
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10

Quantifying Inflammatory Cytokines with ELISA

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ELISA kit detected the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, MPO and TNF-α (Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China). According to the instruction of ELISA kit, the standard (50 μL) and sample (40 μL Sample diluent and 10 μL sample) were added to the standard holes and sample holes of microtiter plate, respectively. The culture plates were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 30 min and then rinsed with washing solution. Then 50 μL enzyme-labeled reagent was added into each well, and the samples were incubated for 30 min and washed. Then 50 μL color developer A and color developer B were added, mixed, and stained in the dark for 10 min. After the reaction was stopped by adding stop solution, the absorbance density (OD) was measured at 450 nm by enzyme-labeled instrument (Molecular, CA, USA).
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