Body weight was measured via an electronic scale (Filizzola PL 150, Filizzola® Ltd., São Paulo, Brazil). Height was measured minus shoes using a standard stadiometer (Health o Meter™ Professional, Sunbeam Products Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by height squared. Body composition and fat distribution were estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). Participants were then positioned and scanned according to the manufacturer’s standard specifications in a climate-controlled room. Total body lean mass, fat mass, and regional fat mass of the total body, trunk, arms, and legs were analyzed utilizing the enCore software (V17 software, Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA).
Lunar idxa
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Belgium, Denmark
The Lunar iDXA is a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) system used for the measurement of bone mineral density and body composition. It provides accurate and precise assessments of bone, lean, and fat mass.
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Encore software version 13, by GE Healthcare (4 mentions)
Encore software version 15, by GE Healthcare (3 mentions)
Matlab software, by MathWorks (3 mentions)
Corescan application, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Dxa lunar prodigy primo, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Dinamap carescape v100, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Corescan, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Encore software v 11, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Encore v 14, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Lunar prodigy advance, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
703 scale, by Seca (2 mentions)
Encore v16, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Somatom definition flash, by Siemens (2 mentions)
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421 protocols using lunar idxa
1
Body Composition Assessment Protocol
2
Lunar iDXA Body Composition Analysis
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The Body Composition Laboratory in the Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, KSU, has access to a Lunar iDXA General Electric machine (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, USA). Prior to each day’s tests, Quality Assurance Calibration was performed automatically using a block that contains bone equivalents of known width and density; the system should confirm that the test is passed.
All participants confirmed that they had no radiation exposure such as X-rays in the prior two weeks, and had no frequent exposure to radiation in the prior year. Participants were informed of the procedure in advance. Participants’ data were inserted, and ethnicity was determined as white as recommended by the operator, such that approximately five participants who are originally from Africa were determined as black and there data were excluded. Participants were fitted on a supine position on the bed, and Velcro straps were used for ankles and knees when needed during the scan. Participants were required to remain motionless while the arm of the machine passes over their body, which takes approximately 6 min for average adults. Output was immediately printed at the end of test.
All participants confirmed that they had no radiation exposure such as X-rays in the prior two weeks, and had no frequent exposure to radiation in the prior year. Participants were informed of the procedure in advance. Participants’ data were inserted, and ethnicity was determined as white as recommended by the operator, such that approximately five participants who are originally from Africa were determined as black and there data were excluded. Participants were fitted on a supine position on the bed, and Velcro straps were used for ankles and knees when needed during the scan. Participants were required to remain motionless while the arm of the machine passes over their body, which takes approximately 6 min for average adults. Output was immediately printed at the end of test.
3
Comprehensive Body Composition Analysis
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Body composition was assessed by measures of weight, height, waist circumference, BMI and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) equipment (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare, USA). Briefly, a full-body scanner was performed with information on the body composition and bone mineral density of the femoral neck, Ward triangle, trochanter, and femoral body. The android fat mass was measured between the ribs and the pelvis, and the mass of gynoid fat was measured between the hips and the upper thighs.
4
Body Composition Analysis Protocol
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Body weight and composition were analyzed at baseline and end of each phase. Weight was measured at each visit on an electronic stadiometer (SECA 703 Digital, Hamburg, Germany) calibrated to the nearest ±0.01 kg while participants wore light clothing and no shoes. Body composition was assessed by a licensed technician using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar iDXA; GE, Madison, WI, USA). Regional fat mass and lean body mass were quantified from a whole-body scan at each visit (CoreScan™ enCORE software version 14.10).
5
Longitudinal Bone Density and Fall Risk
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BMD at the total hip and neck of femur was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar iDXA; GE Healthcare) at baseline and at 12 mo. The scanner was calibrated daily before participant scanning. Daily phantom measurements were performed, and precision on repeated measurements was 0.21%, with no perceptible drift for the duration of the study.
Height and weight were measured, and body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance using a Tanita analyzer (Tanita Corp.) (14 (link)). Fracture risk and self-reported falls history were obtained at baseline, adapted from standard clinical care questions and the FRAX tool (15 (link)).
Participants kept a prospective falls diary with monthly prompts to record falls made by telephone, at which time they were also asked about adverse events (AEs), food supplements, and medication. Participants visited the clinical research facility every 3 mo, after an overnight fast, when blood and timed urine samples were collected and further information on AEs and questionnaires on sunshine exposure, diet, and quality of life were self-completed. Completed diaries and questionnaires were discussed with participants at each visit. For details on the study schedule, please refer to our previous publication (16 ).
Height and weight were measured, and body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance using a Tanita analyzer (Tanita Corp.) (14 (link)). Fracture risk and self-reported falls history were obtained at baseline, adapted from standard clinical care questions and the FRAX tool (15 (link)).
Participants kept a prospective falls diary with monthly prompts to record falls made by telephone, at which time they were also asked about adverse events (AEs), food supplements, and medication. Participants visited the clinical research facility every 3 mo, after an overnight fast, when blood and timed urine samples were collected and further information on AEs and questionnaires on sunshine exposure, diet, and quality of life were self-completed. Completed diaries and questionnaires were discussed with participants at each visit. For details on the study schedule, please refer to our previous publication (16 ).
6
Comprehensive Acute Care Assessment
7
Comprehensive Femur and Spine BMD Analysis
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Whole body, femur neck, total femur, and L1-L4 BMD measurements were obtained by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using the enCORE v.16 software [Lunar iDXA; GE Medical Systems, Pewaukee, WI (USA)]. BMD values are presented as g/cm3.
8
Whole-Body Composition and Fat Analysis
9
Standardized Metabolic Assessment in Clinical Research
10
Measuring Body Composition and Liver Lipids
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Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed using the General Electric Lunar iDXA to measure total body fat. Scans were analyzed with the enCORE software version 13.60.033. scABD AT and visceral AT (VAT) volumes were defined and quantified with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 3.0T scanner (GE, Discovery 750w) by obtaining ~ 581 images from the dome of the liver to the pubic symphysis. Images were analyzed by a single trained analyst. Estimates of scABD AT and VAT volumes were converted to mass using an assumed density of 0.92 kg/L.
Intrahepatic lipid (IHL) was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) on a 3.0T whole body imaging and spectroscopy system (GE, Discovery 750w System) using a commercially available 1H body coil. IHL content was determined with jMRUI (Java-Based Magnetic Resonance User Interface) with peak areas expressed relative to the peak area of an external oil phantom (peanut oil).
Intrahepatic lipid (IHL) was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) on a 3.0T whole body imaging and spectroscopy system (GE, Discovery 750w System) using a commercially available 1H body coil. IHL content was determined with jMRUI (Java-Based Magnetic Resonance User Interface) with peak areas expressed relative to the peak area of an external oil phantom (peanut oil).
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