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Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from the shells of crustaceans, such as shrimp and crab. It is a natural, biodegradable, and biocompatible material with a wide range of applications in various industries, including biomedical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors. Chitosan exhibits unique properties, such as antimicrobial activity, wound healing enhancement, and the ability to form films and hydrogels.

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64 protocols using chitosan

1

Microbial Enzyme Production and Purification

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Barley β-glucan (80% purity), laminarin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xylan, curdlan, avicel, and chitosan were purchased from Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Lichenin was purchased from Megazyme (Ireland).
Bacillus subtilis B110 strain was acquired from the Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources of Jiangxi Province and maintained in a lysogeny broth. Escherichia coli DH5α (Invitrogen Co., China) was used as the host strain for gene manipulation. E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Novagen Co., China) was used for recombinant expression. Plasmid pET-29a (TakaRa Biotechnology, China) served as the expression vector.
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2

Crayfish Antimicrobial Assessment

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Live crayfish with an average weight of 30 ± 2.4 g and an average length of 20 ± 1.8 cm were purchased from Qianjiang Changgui Aquatic Food Co., Ltd. (Nantong, China). Four strains of bacteria, including Escherichia coli (AB93154), Shewanella putrefaciens (ATCCBAA-1097), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC43979), and Salmonella typhimurium (ATBA45479), were purchased from the Shanghai Preservation Biotechnology Centre, (Shanghai, China). All other reagents (chitosan, lysozyme, carrageenan, MgO, KBr, trichloroacetic acid, etc.) used in this study were analytically pure and were purchased from McLean Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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3

Chitosan-Silane Composite Synthesis

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Chitosan (CS, MW = 30,000, ≥85% deacetylation), ZnCl2, and NaBr (analytical purity) were purchased from Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). Triethoxy (3-epoxypropoxy) silane (KH-561, purity > 96.0%) and tannin (analytical purity) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China). Hydrochloric acid, MgSO4, and KCl (analytical purity) were purchased from Yantai Shuang Chemical Co. (Yantai, China). Tetrahydrofuran (THF, analytical purity), methanol (analytical purity), acetic acid (analytical purity), and AlCl3 (analytical purity) were purchased from Tianjin Tianli Chemical Reagent Co. (Tianjin, China). MnCl2 (analytical purity) was purchased from Tianjin Xinput Chemical Co. (Tianjin, China). NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 (analytical purity) were purchased from Tianjin Hengxing Chemical Reagent Manufacturing Co. (Tianjin, China). NaHCO3 (analytical purity) was purchased from Tianjin Dayong Chemical Reagent Manufacturing Co. (Tianjin, China).
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4

Chitosan-Keratin Hydrogel with Curcumin for Wound Healing

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Chitosan (Mw 50 kDa, >98%) was purchased from Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCL) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Nanjing dulai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Keratin was obtained from Shouhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (MW1500, Xi’an, China). Curcumin (≥98%) was purchased from Ivy Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Xian, China). Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and glycerol octanoate decanoate (GTCC) were purchased from Shandong Yousuo Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Linyi, China). Pluronic F68 was purchased from BASF Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), haematoxylin and eosin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were analytical grade.
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5

Cellulose-degrading Enzyme Discovery

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Glucose and other cello-oligosaccharide (G2-G5), carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC), barley β-glucan, laminarin, xylan (from corncob), avicel, chitosan, and filter paper were obtained from McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), whereas lichenin was purchased from Megazyme (Bray, Ireland). Other chemicals used in this study were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China).
Myxococcus sp. B6-1 was isolated from soil and cultured in a lysogeny broth (LB). DH5 and BL21 (DE3) strains of E. coli from our laboratory were respectively utilized for gene cloning and expression. Plasmid pET-29a (Takara, Beijing, China) was used for expression.
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6

Cationic Polymer-Based Dye Adsorption

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Sodium lignosulfonate (C20H24Na2O10S2,
MW 534.51 g/mol, 96%), chitosan (C6nH11nNO4n, 95% deacetylated,
viscosity 100–200 mPa s), Rhodamine B (C28H31ClN2O3, MW 479.01 g/mol, AR), and Congo
red (C32H22N6Na2O6S2, MW 696.66 g/mol, BS) were obtained from Shanghai
Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7, MW 294.18 g/mol, GR) was provided by Sinopharm
Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Acetic acid (CH3COOH, MW 60.05
g/mol, AR) was purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. In addition,
all other solutions were prepared by distilled water. All chemicals
in the experiments were used without further purification.
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7

Acellular Dermal Matrix-Chitosan Composite Scaffold

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The acellular dermal matrix was prepared by the hypertonic salt-alkali method using the full-thickness skin of white Tibetan miniature pigs as raw material. The solutions containing 0.5%, 1%, and 2% acetic acid were designed. The PADMS and acetic acid solutions were added in a mass ratio of 1:10. In a beaker, stirred at 1500 rpm for 48 hours, filtered to form an acellular dermal matrix gel (group marked as 0.5%, 1%, and 2%), and stored at 4°C for later use. Acellular dermal matrix gel (group marked as 10% PADM) was mixed with 3% chitosan (deacetylation degree ≥95%, viscosity 100∼200 Mpa.s, Macklin) solution in different volumes ratios (group marked as CADMS) and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde solution. The acellular dermal matrix-chitosan composite gel was prepared with a 0.02 V/v.% cross-linking agent (group labeled as CADMS-G). The prepared acellular dermal matrix-chitosan composite gels (groups marked as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1). The above gel was freeze-dried to prepare a composite sponge scaffold, soaked in a 70% ethanol solution for 1 hour to remove residual acetic acid, thoroughly washed, and then freeze-dried again for subsequent characterization of physical and chemical properties.
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8

Chitosan-based Antimicrobial Scaffold Synthesis

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The carrier used for the experiments was Na-MMT (pharmaceutical grade, Zhejiang Fenghong Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). LP0042 tryptone, LP0021 yeast extract, and CM0367 agar were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Ltd. (Waltham, MA, USA). Chitosan (100 kDa, ≥95% deacetylation) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Silver nitrate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, etc., were analytical pure reagents provided by Tianjin Tiantai Fine Chemicals Ltd. (Tianjin, China). and Yantai Shuang Shuang Chemical Ltd. (Yantai, China). Wistar rats were purchased from Qingdao Qinda Biotechnology Ltd. (Qingdao, China). MC3T3-E1 cells were purchased from iCell Bioscience Inc. (Shanghai, China). S. aureus strains were self-stored and activated in the laboratory.
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9

Chitosan-Genipin Hydrogel Synthesis

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For material synthesis, sodium oleate (C18H33NaO2, chemical pure), calcium chloride (CaCl2, 96.0%), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4, 99.0%), hexane (C6H14, 97.0%), ethanol (C2H6O, 99.7%), acetic acid (C2H4O2, 99.5%) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 96.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Chitosan (C6nH11nNO4n, deacetylation degree ≥95%) and genipin (C11H14O5, 98%) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. All of the chemicals were used without further purification.
For the cell experimental process, the α−minimum essential medium (α−MEM), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (America). Calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcium AM) and propidium iodide (PI) were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Dojindo (Japan). FITC-phalloidin was purchased from Yeasen Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was purchased from Abcam (United Kingdom). Alizarin Red S was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (China).
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10

Chitosan-based Nitrogen-doped Carbon Composites

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Chitosan and NH4Cl were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). All reagents used in this study were analytically pure, and no further purification was required prior to use.
Pretreatment of Chitosan: an appropriate amount of Chitosan was soaked in an oxalic acid solution with a mass ratio of 2 wt.% for 1 h. The solution was then rinsed with ultrapure water until neutral, and the remaining powder was placed in a vacuum drying oven and dried at 40–50 °C for 12 h. The light-yellow powder was subsequently obtained by grinding.
Preparation of NCC materials: Firstly, the mixture of 10 g of pretreated sugar and NH4Cl was ground for 10 min and heated to 1000 °C in a N2 tube furnace and then held for 3 h until cooled to room temperature, and the black swelling was collected and ground into a black powder in an agate mortar, which is the NCC powder, as shown in Figure 7.
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