Gentisic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Switzerland, India

Gentisic acid is a laboratory chemical used in various applications. It serves as a key intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds. Gentisic acid is a white crystalline solid with a specific chemical structure and properties that make it useful in certain research and analytical procedures.

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Gentisic (8 citations)

59 protocols using gentisic acid

Quantification of Phenolic Compounds

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Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium carbonate (99%), catechin (98%), protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, sodium nitrite (97%), aluminium chloride (99.9%), and vanillin (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Procyanidin B2, rutin, epicatechin, kaempferol, quercetin dehydrate, daidzein and genistein were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Sulphuric acid (95–97%) and gallic acid (98%) were purchased from Fluka (Seelze, Germany). Sodium hydroxide (98%) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Absolute ethanol (99.9%) and methanol (99.9%) were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Rodano, Italy). Milli-Q^® water (18.2 MΩ.cm) was obtained in a Millipore–Direct Q3 UV System equipment (Molsheim, France).

Mecha E., Leitão S.T., Carbas B., Serra A.T., Moreira P.M., Veloso M.M., Gomes R., Figueira M.E., Brites C., Vaz Patto M.C, & Bronze M.R. (2019). Characterization of Soaking Process’ Impact in Common Beans Phenolic Composition: Contribute from the Unexplored Portuguese Germplasm. Foods, 8(8), 296.

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Radiolabeling of L-Methionine with Indium-111

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If not otherwise stated, chemicals, materials and solvents were of pharmaceutical grade for kit preparation and reagent grade for other experiments and were used without further purification.
¹¹¹InCl₃ solution was supplied by Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals (Petten, NL) as a sterile, non-pyrogenic solution of non-carrier-added ¹¹¹InCl₃ in 0.05 M HCl. Each 0.5 mL of the solution contained 185 MBq (5 mCi) of ¹¹¹InCl₃ at time of calibration (specific activity of >1.85 GBq/μg indium at time of calibration).
l-Methionine was provided by SAFC chemicals (Cleveland, OH) in pharmaceutical grade, ascorbic acid (pharmaceutical grade) and gentisic acid (Ultrapure quality) were provided by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Sterilised distilled water for injection (Pharm.Eur.) was provided by Fresenius Kabi (Halden, Norway) in 10 mL plastic ampoules.
For freeze-drying, 2- or 10-mL clear borosilicate glass vials from SCHOTT (StandardLine, FIOLAX®, Müllheim, Germany) corresponding to Ph.Eur. Type I, with chlorobutyl rubber stoppers were used.

Pawlak D., Rangger C., Peitl P.K., Garnuszek P., Maurin M., Ihli L., Kroselj M., Maina T., Maecke H., Erba P., Kremser L., Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A., Mikołajczak R, & Decristoforo C. (2016). From preclinical development to clinical application: Kit formulation for radiolabelling the minigastrin analogue CP04 with In-111 for a first-in-human clinical trial. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 85, 1-9.

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Freeze-Dried Radiolabeled Cyclic Peptide Kits

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A freeze-dried kit formulation was developed for both cyclic peptide conjugates to provide ready to use kits for the labelling with ¹⁷⁷Lu. The kit formulation was based on an ascorbic acid buffer (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, catalogue no. 95212,) for pH adjustment [25 (link)]. Gentisic acid (Sigma Aldrich, catalogue no. 85707) and L-Met (Sigma Aldrich, catalogue no. M8439) were added to the kit composition to increase the RCP and decrease Met-oxidation [26 (link)]. The lyophilized kits were composed of 50 µg DOTA-cyclo-MG1 or DOTA-cyclo-MG2, 25 mg ascorbic acid, 5.2 mg L-Met and 0.53 mg Gentisic acid. Radiolabelling was performed by addition of ~2 GBq ¹⁷⁷LuCl₃ in 1 mL of diluted HCl and heating at 80°C for 15-25 min. RCP was monitored by HPLC. The stability of the kits during storage for up to 6 months, as well as the stability of the radiolabelled peptides for up to 48 h after preparation, was evaluated at different storage conditions. For isocratic HPLC analysis a Phenomenex Kinetex 5 µm C18 100 Å column (4.6 × 150 mm) with mobile phase of 28% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/water, flow rate of 1 mL/min, UV-detection at 215 nm and radiodetection was used.

Rangger C., Klingler M., Balogh L., Pöstényi Z., Polyak A., Pawlak D., Mikołajczak R, & von Guggenberg E. (2017). 177Lu labelled cyclic minigastrin analogues with therapeutic activity in CCK2R expressing tumours, preclinical evaluation of a kit formulation. Molecular pharmaceutics, 14(9), 3045-3058.

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Quantification of Phenolic Compounds

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The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and phenolic compound standards (chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, apigenin, naringenin, rifampicin, quercetin, kaempferol) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC grade methanol was acquired from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Zinc acetate, sodium bisulfite, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium ferrocyanide and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Nalgene, Rochester, NY, USA). Solid phase extraction (SPE) Sep-Pak C18 cartridges (500 mg, 3 mL) were purchased from Waters (Milford, MA, USA). Syringe filters (0.45 µm, diameter 25 mm) were acquired from Sterlitech (Auburn, WA, USA).

Nyarko K., Boozer K, & Greenlief C.M. (2023). Profiling of the Polyphenol Content of Honey from Different Geographical Origins in the United States. Molecules, 28(13), 5011.

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Phenolic Characterization and Enzyme Inhibition

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All of the solvents were analytical grade, of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) quality (>99%) and were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water (DIW) was used for the extractions and was of Milli-Q quality for liquid chromatography (LC) and UV-VIS spectrophotometric measurements. The delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside was purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). The phenolic acid standards (protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, Dorset, UK). The acarbose was purchased from J&K (Beijing, China), α-Amylase solution from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK) and Na-K tartrate tetrahydrate (p. A.) from Chemsolute (Roskilde, Denmark). All of these pure standards were used for identification and quantification purposes.

Colak N., Kurt-Celebi A., Gruz J., Strnad M., Hayirlioglu-Ayaz S., Choung M.G., Esatbeyoglu T, & Ayaz F.A. (2022). The Phenolics and Antioxidant Properties of Black and Purple versus White Eggplant Cultivars. Molecules, 27(8), 2410.

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Phytochemical Extraction and Antioxidant Analysis

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Acetic acid, acetonitrile, m ethanol, gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, hydrochloric acid, sodium acetate, quercetin, Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent, protocatequic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, elagic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin, tilirosid, quercetin, trans-cinnamic acid, luteolin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Aluminum chloride, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, ethanol was purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) were obtained from Alfa-Aesar (Germany). All microorganism strains were distributed by Oxoid^®. All spectrophotometric data were acquired using a Jasco V-530 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Jasco International Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

Niculae M., Hanganu D., Oniga I., Benedec D., Ielciu I., Giupana R., Sandru C.D., Ciocârlan N, & Spinu M. (2019). Phytochemical Profile and Antimicrobial Potential of Extracts Obtained from Thymus marschallianus Willd. Molecules, 24(17), 3101.

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Antifungal Potential of Polyphenols

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Distilled water (DW), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EA), standard antifungals (amphotericin B and terbinafine), nutrient agar, and HPLC-grade polyphenols (vanillic acid, rutin, plumbagin, thymoquinone, gallic acid, catechin, syringic acid, coumaric acid, emodin, gentisic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, apigenin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid, sulfuric acid, gallic acid, potassium acetate, quercetin, ammonium molybdate, aluminum chloride, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), potassium ferricyanide, and ferric chloride were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, United States. Phosphate buffer and Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) reagent were procured from Riedel-de Haen, Germany. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was purchased from Oxoid, England, Tween-80 from Merck-Schuchardt, United States, and RPMI-1640 was obtained from United traders, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Mohsin S.A., Shaukat S., Nawaz M., Ur-Rehman T., Irshad N., Majid M., Hassan S.S., Bungau S, & Fatima H. (2022). Appraisal of selected ethnomedicinal plants as alternative therapies against onychomycosis: Evaluation of synergy and time-kill kinetics. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1067697.

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Characterization of Buckwheat Leaf Compounds

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Buckwheat leaves were collected from a local farm on Jeju, Korea, washed, dried, ground (30 mesh), and stored at −20°C. 2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ) and hypericin were supplied from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Folin-Ciocalteau’s phenol reagent and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) were supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and Supelco Inc. (Bellefonte, PA, USA), respectively. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, quercetin, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.. Caffeic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid were purchased from Fluka Chemical Corp. (Steinheim, Switzerland).

Kim D.S., Kim M.B, & Lim S.B. (2017). Enhancement of Phenolic Production and Antioxidant Activity from Buckwheat Leaves by Subcritical Water Extraction. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 22(4), 345-352.

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Comparison of Buckwheat and Quinoa Compounds

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Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) were obtained from the commercial market (İngro, Turkiye) in 2022. All chemicals were of analytical grade and were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Folin − Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox, and all chemicals (all with purity ≥ 95 %) used as standards in LC-MS/MS analysis including apigenin, pinobanksin, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, naringin, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic aldehyde, chrysin, hesperidin, syringic acid, kaempferol, naringenin, (−)-epicatechin, pinocembrin, protocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, gentisic acid, galangin, salicylic acid, rosmarinic acid, resveratrol, quercetin, gallic acid, benzoic acid, luteolin-7-glucoside, and luteolin were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, Missouri). Buckwheat and quinoa grains were separated from impurities and kept under + 4 °C until further applications.

Altıkardeş E, & Güzel N. (2024). Impact of germination pre-treatments on buckwheat and Quinoa: Mitigation of anti-nutrient content and enhancement of antioxidant properties. Food Chemistry: X, 21, 101182.

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Radiolabeling of L-Methionine with Indium-111

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