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4 protocols using glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap)

1

NR1 and MBP Labeling in Mouse Optic Nerve

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For NR1 labeling, mice were perfused with ice-cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Optic nerves were isolated and immersion fixed with 4% PFA for 2 hr at RT and prepared for later cryo-sectioning. Slide-mounted sections (12 μm) were air-dried at RT and then treated with 0.3% Triton X-100 and 5% horse serum for 1 hr. Primary antibodies for NR1 (1:250, Millipore Cat# MAB363, RRID: AB_94946) and MBP (1:300, rabbit, Dako) were incubated overnight at 4°C in the same solution. Secondary antibodies were incubated in 2% horse serum for 2 hr at RT.
For analysis of local inflammation and pathology, paraffin sections of perfusion-fixed tissues were used. Sections were treated with primary antibodies diluted in PBS/BSA (1% w/v BSA) overnight at 4°C. Dilutions were as follows: GFAP (1:200, mouse, Novocastra), Mac3 (1:400, rat, BD PharMingen), and APP (1:1000, Millipore Cat# MAB348 RRID: AB_94882). Biotinylated secondary antibodies were then incubated for 30 min at RT, and chromogenic staining was completed using HRP-DAB detection.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Extracts

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Total protein extracts from slices were obtained by lysing slices in RIPA buffer, followed by sonication and centrifugation at 12,000 g for 10 min. Total protein concentrations were measured using Nanodrop ND-100 Spectrophotometer, and Western blot was carried out as usual in our lab (Santos et al., 2018 (link)). The primary antibodies were as follows: NG2 (rabbit, 1:250, Merck Millipore), MBP (rat, 1:250, Serotec), S100B (rabbit, 1:500, Abcam), RAGE (rabbit, 1:800, Abcam), GFAP (rabbit, 1:500, NovoCastra), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1, mouse, 1:200, BioLegend), phosphorilated nuclear factor-κB (pNF-κB rabbit, 1:500, Abcam), NF-κB (rabbit, 1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), or β-actin (mouse, 1:10,000; Sigma). Protein bands were detected using WesternBright Sirius reagent (Advansta, Menlo Park, CA, USA) and visualized using ChemiDocTM XRS System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Results were normalized to β-actin expression for each experiment.
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3

Immunofluorescence analysis of protein expression

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Immunofluorescence analyses were performed as described previously.7, 10, 11, 15 Serial sections were incubated with the following primary antibodies: goat anti‐galectin‐1 (1:100, R&D systems), rabbit anti‐glial fibrillary acidic protein (1:200, GFAP; Leica), mouse anti‐HIF‐1α (1:100, Novus Biologicals), rabbit anti‐HIF‐1α (1:100, Cell signaling technology) and mouse anti‐TSC22D3 (1:50, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibodies. Secondary antibodies for fluorescent detection were AlexaFluor 488 and 546 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole), and sections were visualized under a Keyence BZ‐9000 (Keyence).
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4

Multimodal Evaluation of Tumor Microenvironment

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Animals were euthanized and perfused with saline solution 4 h (for inflammation and DNA DSB staining) or 3 days (for cell proliferation and vasculature staining) after 212Pb-αVCAM-1 treatment. Inflammation, DNA DSBs, tumor cell proliferation, pericytes, microglia, and astrocytes were evaluated using primary antibodies against VCAM-1 (5 µg/mL, SoutherBiotech), γH2AX (2 µg/mL, Abcam), Ki67 (0.35 µg/mL, Dako), CD31 (5 µg/mL, PB Bioscience), platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) (2 µg/mL, Santa-Cruz), CD68 (1 µg/mL, Merck Millipore), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (3 µg/mL, Dako), respectively. Immunostaining protocols were performed as previously described.13 (link) Tissue sections were examined at 20x magnification for VCAM-1 and at 40x for Ki67, γH2AX, CD31, PDGFRβ, CD68, and GFAP using a Leica DMi8 microscope. BM were identified by Hoechst 33342 counterstaining and through green fluorescent protein expression of MDA-231-Br cells. Whole brain images were obtained using Metavue software. For quantification of VCAM-1, CD31, γH2AX, and Ki67, three slices per animal were used and vessels, foci, and nuclei were automatically counted (ImageJ). Quantitative results of γH2AX and Ki67 staining are expressed as the percentage area of biomarker expression relative to the total tumor area. Vessel diameter was quantified as previously described.16 (link)
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