Stock solutions of the free form of sunitinib (sunitinib malate, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA) were prepared in 100% DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich). Dilutions were made in 0.9% NaCl under continuous stirring. Visudyne (Novartis Pharma Inc.) was dissolved in 5% glucose and diluted in NaCl. Absorption spectra were recorded with a two-beam Varian Cary UV-Vis-NIR 500 Scan spectrophotometer in 1-cm-long quartz cuvettes (Suprasil, Hellma, Müllheim, Germany) between 350 and 800 nm with an average scan speed of 600 nm/min at 20 °C. The steady-state luminescence spectra were recorded with a luminescence spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer, model LS50B, Waltham, MA, USA).
Visudyne
Manufactured by Novartis
Sourced in Switzerland
Visudyne is a photosensitizing agent used in photodynamic therapy. It is a light-activated medication that is administered intravenously and targeted to the treatment area using a laser.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Visulas pdt system 690s, by Zeiss (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sunitinib malate, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
Lucentis, by Novartis (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Antibiotic antimycotic solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Aflibercept, by Bayer (1 mentions)
20 protocols using visudyne
1
Photophysical Properties of Sunitinib and Visudyne
2
Verteporfin Photosensitizer Preparation
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Visudyne® (PubChem CID:5362420) is commercially available (Novartis) and 1 g Visudyne® powder consisted of 15 mg Verteporfin as active photosensitizer. Visudyne® was dissolved in 0.9% NaCl and 5% glucose (B. Braun Medical AG, Sempach) at a concentration of 100, 200, or 500 ng/ml that actually contained 1.5, 3, or 7.5 ng/ml of Verteporfin. Solutions of the photosensitizers were prepared fresh and used within 1 h.
3
Treatments for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
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Treatments for PCV secondary to eyes with CSC included anti-VEGF monotherapy, PDT, or PDT and anti-VEGF combination treatment. Treatment for PCV was determined on the basis of visual acuity, lesion characteristics, and location. For anti-VEGF monotherapy, intravitreal injection at 4 weekly intervals with bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or aflibercept was chosen. For PDT, verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis AG, Bulach, Switzerland) was infused at 6 mg/m2. Fifteen minutes after the start of infusion, a laser (light dose, 50 J/cm2; dose rate, 600 mW/cm2; wavelength, 689 nm) was applied to the entire PCV lesion for 83 s, as indicated by ICGA. For PDT and anti-VEGF combination treatment, anti-VEGF intravitreal injection was applied after PDT for 3 days.
4
Combination Therapy for PCV: IVR and PDT
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All patients received combination therapy consisting of a single injection of 0.5 mg IVR, standard-fluence PDT (administered using a 689-nm diode laser unit) (Visulas PDT system 690 S; Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) following intravenous verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland) in accordance with the guidelines for applying PDT in PCV29 (link),37 (link),38 (link). Additional IVR therapy instead of therapy, as none of the patients received repeat PDT was administered as required in response to exudative OCT findings such as the development or persistence of subretinal fluid, subretinal haemorrhage and active choroidal neovascularisation during monthly follow-up visits.
5
Visudyne Biodistribution in Mouse Lung
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The mouse was anaesthetized and a left-sided thoracotomy was performed through the 4th intercostal space to allow the left lung mobilized under the microscope. A left cervical incision was performed to cannulate the external jugular vein. Visudyne (Novartis, Hettlingen, Switzerland) was dissolved in PBS and injected of 62.5 µg/kg. Spectrofluorometric measurement of the Visudyne distribution was performed at different time points using an optical fiberbased spectrofluorometer. The detected Visudyne signal was analyzed by an imaging spectrometer and analyzed by computer. The mean fluorescence signal after removing the underlying autofluorescence was plotted for three areas in each animal.
6
Intravitreal Injection and Photodynamic Therapy
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Intravitreal injections were administered in a sterile manner. Prophylactic topical antibiotics were regularly applied for 3 days before injection and 3 days to 1 week after injection. Three to 4 days after the intravitreal injection, normal-fluence PDT was administered using a 689-nm diode laser unit (Visulas PDT system 690S; Carl Zeiss) and intravenous verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) in accordance with the guidelines for PDT in AMD. 14 All polypoidal lesions, including the entire branching vascular network detected by ICGA, and the choroidal neovascularization detected by fluorescein angiography, were included. Serous pigment epithelium detachments were not included in the lesion areas when underlying choroidal neovascularization was confirmed to be absent.
7
Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy for CSC
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The half-dose PDT protocol for CSC was performed with half the normal dose of verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis AG,Bülach, Switzerland), that is, 3 mg/m2verteporfin, based on the rationale that a lower dose has less-severe collateral damage effects to the retina and choroid. Verteporfin was infused over 8 min, followed by delivery of laser at 689 nm at 10 min from the commencement of infusion to target the area of choroidal dilation and hyperpermeability [19 (link)–21 (link)]. A total light energy of 50 J/cm2over 83 s was delivered to the angiographic leakage sites shown in FA or the area of choroidal hyperperfusion observed in ICGA [19 (link)–21 (link)].
8
Half-Fluence PDT for Subfoveal SRF
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All subjects included in this study underwent half-fluence PDT with verteporfin (Visudyne; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland). We used a standard dose of verteporfin (6 mg/m2), 689 nm laser, a light intensity of 600 mW/cm2, and a shortened irradiation time of approximately 40 s. The delivered radiation covered the area of choroidal hyperpermeability, which had engendered subfoveal SRF, in the mid or late phase of indocyanine green angiography.
9
Ranibizumab and Verteporfin for RAP
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All patients were treated with IV ranibizumab (Lucentis ® ; Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland), 0.5 mg/0.05 ml, in a nonloading dose pro re nata (PRN) regimen, with (n = 33) or without (n = 46) associated PDT with verteporfin (Visudyne ® ; Novartis International AG). Decision on retreatment was based on a decrease in BCVA ≥ 1 ETDRS line and/or OCT findings, specifically the presence of retinal pigment epithelium detachment, hemorrhage, and intra-or subretinal fluid. Each IV injection was performed 3.5-4.0 mm posterior to the corneal limbus using a 30-gauge needle after instillation of topical anesthesia and 5% povidone-iodine solution in the fornix. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis was achieved with topical quinolone q.i.d. 4 days before and 4 days after the IV injection. PDT was performed only in cases included until December 2009, and discontinued after an intermediate analysis showed no additional benefit versus PRN IV ranibizumab monotherapy. When treating bilateral RAP, IV ranibizumab or PDT were performed on separate days.
10
Treat-and-Extent Protocol for Anti-VEGF Therapy
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Patients were treated using anti-VEGF agents (Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept) by two retinal specialists (E.S.K. and S.Y.Y.) using a standardized treat-and-extent protocol29 (link). We defined patients in whom subretinal or intraretinal fluid was present or increased, even in the presence of monthly anti-VEGF injections, as non-response. Active polyps, as well as lesions that were non-responsive to 3 consecutive anti-VEGF injections, were treated using photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin (Visudyne, Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland) guided by ICGA. Full-dose, full-duration PDT was performed. The treatment zone only included the visible polyps in PCV and active CNV lesions in other categories. The treatments were initiated or repeated when there were clinical signs of disease activity, such as a drop in BCVA of ≥1 line, subretinal fluid or macular edema, or evidence of active CNV on angiography.
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