N a g

The wild-type T. harzianum T4 strain was used in this study and was stored in our laboratory. A conidial suspension of T. harzianum T4 was stored in 20% glycerol at −80 °C. For the acquisition of conidia, T. harzianum T4 was inoculated and cultured in potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 3 days, and mycelia were scraped and suspended in sterile water, fully shaken, and filtered with three layers of gauze for backup. The initial culture medium of chlamydospore preparation (IMC) consisted of soluble starch (2.39%), calcium carbonate (0.1%), wheat bran (0.48%), ammonium sulfate (0.2%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.1%), and Tween 80 (0.5%).
Mannitol, glycine betaine, and N-A-G were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Unless otherwise stated, other chemicals were purchased from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

NAG (97%), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [(Bmim)Cl, 97%], dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆ (DMSO-d₆, 99.9%), ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE, 95%), benzaldehyde (98.5%), and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, 98%) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Boric acid [B(OH)₃ 99.5%] was obtained from Qiangsheng Functional Chemical Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH, 98%) was obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The recombinant plasmids harboring ADH434 and AAD1669 from Meyerozyma guilliermondii SC1103, CR from Acetobacter sp. CCTCC M209061 (AceCR), ADH from Synechocystis sp. (SynADH, GenBank Accession Number CP003265.1) and horse liver ADH (HLADH, Gene ID: 100034242) were maintained in our laboratory. The plasmids harboring CR from Bacillus sp. ECU0013 (YueD) and CR from Streptomyces coelicolor (ScCR, GenBank accession number NC003888.1) were kindly donated by Prof. Hui-Lei Yu and Prof. Gao-Wei Zheng of East China University of Science and Technology, respectively. The gene of ADH from Ralstonia sp. DSM 6428 (RalADH, GenBank accession number EU485985) was synthesized by GenScript Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).