Carbon tabs 9 mm

Bread samples were freeze-dried, mounted on stubs (G 306; 10 mm × 10 mm Diameter; Agar Scientific, Stansted, UK) and fixed using carbon tape (G3357N; Carbon Tabs 9 mm; Agar Scientific, Stansted UK). Mounted bread samples were sputter-coated with a gold-palladium alloy (ratio of 80: 20), using a Polaron E5150 sputter coating unit, and imaging was captured with a JEOL Scanning Electron Microscope (JSM-5510, Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Settings for analysis were as follows: 5 kV 185 voltage, 20 mm working distance and a magnification factor of 1000.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to image the ultrastructure of PPI, SPI and EverPro, according to the method reported by Atzler et al. [31 (link)]. Ingredients were mounted on stubs (G 306; 10 mm × 10 mm Diameter; Agar Scientific, Essex, UK) and fixated using carbon tape (G3357N; Carbon Tabs 9 mm; Agar Scientific, Essex, UK). The samples were then sputter coated with a gold–palladium alloy (ratio of 80/20), using a Polaron E5150 sputter coating unit, and imaging was executed with a JEOL scanning electron microscope (JSM-5510, Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The following settings were applied for the analysis: 5 kV voltage, 20 mm working distance and a magnification factor of 50 and 1000.