Serum concentrations of all adipokines under investigation (adiponectin, chemerin, FGF-19/21/23, progranulin, AFABP, vaspin, IL-6, leptin, PENK, irisin, AGF) were determined with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (AGF, irisin, vaspin and progranulin: AdipoGen Inc, Seoul, Korea; FGF-19, FGF-21, adiponectin, chemerin and AFABP: BioVendor Inc, Brno, Czech Republic; IL-6: R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN USA; leptin: Mediagnost, Reutlingen, Germany; FGF-23: Immutopics, San Clemente, CA, USA). PENK and pro-NT was centrally quantified in a single lab by sphingotec (sphingotec GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany) using a chemiluminometric sandwich immunoassay [18 (link)]. Serum IGF-1 concentrations were measured by commercially available automated two-site chemiluminescent immunometric assays (Immulite 2000, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany). Whereas all adipokines were measured in the Sorbs cohort, only a subset of them (chemerin, vaspin, pro-NT, PENK) was recorded in the LIFE-Adult cohort. Therefore, the more comprehensively phenotyped Sorbs cohort was taken for the primary analyses, whereas the replication analyses of four adipokines were performed in the larger LIFE-Adult cohort.
Progranulin
Manufactured by Adipogen
Sourced in United States
Progranulin is a multifunctional growth factor that plays a role in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and tissue repair. It is a secreted glycoprotein that is expressed in a variety of cell types.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Leptin, by Adipogen (2 mentions)
Chemerin, by Adipogen (2 mentions)
Interleukin 6 (il 6), by R&D Systems (1 mentions)
Immulite 2000, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Leptin, by Mediagnost (1 mentions)
Adiponectin, by Adipogen (1 mentions)
Irisin, by Adipogen (1 mentions)
Vaspin, by Adipogen (1 mentions)
Filtropur s 0, by Sarstedt (1 mentions)
Chemerin, by R&D Systems (1 mentions)
Leptin, by R&D Systems (1 mentions)
P tau, by Fujirebio (1 mentions)
T tau, by Fujirebio (1 mentions)
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap), by BioVendor (1 mentions)
4 protocols using progranulin
1
Comprehensive Adipokine Profiling in Cohorts
2
Macrophage Response to Fatty Acids, Adipokines, and Hypoxia
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The effects of fatty acids (FA), adipokines and hypoxia on MDM reagibility were further analysed.
Therefore the saturated FA palmitate (P9767, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and its unsaturated analogue palmitoleic acid (P9417, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) were solubilized in 70% ethanol as stock solutions of 50mM. BSA (A3294, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) was dissolved 5% in cell assay medium RPMI-1640. Stock solutions of fatty acids were added to the BSA medium to achieve a molar ratio of FA–BSA of 4:1. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 with 0.25 M NaOH and the solution was filtered using a 0.2 µm low protein-binding filter (Filtropur S 0.2, Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). BSA medium alone was used in control solutions.
The four adipokines Leptin, Chemerin (both R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), FABP4 and Progranulin (both Adipogen Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA) have been diluted in TRIS (Leptin, FABP4) and PBS (Chemerin and Progranulin) respectively. Experiments were done using named adipokines as costimulatory substance during stimulation period or during maturation of monocytes towards macrophages.
In a separate experiment hypoxic conditions were maintained by transfer of cell culture plates into bags, aspiration of room air and insufflation of hypoxic air (5% CO2, 1% O2, 94% N2).
Therefore the saturated FA palmitate (P9767, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and its unsaturated analogue palmitoleic acid (P9417, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) were solubilized in 70% ethanol as stock solutions of 50mM. BSA (A3294, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) was dissolved 5% in cell assay medium RPMI-1640. Stock solutions of fatty acids were added to the BSA medium to achieve a molar ratio of FA–BSA of 4:1. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 with 0.25 M NaOH and the solution was filtered using a 0.2 µm low protein-binding filter (Filtropur S 0.2, Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). BSA medium alone was used in control solutions.
The four adipokines Leptin, Chemerin (both R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), FABP4 and Progranulin (both Adipogen Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA) have been diluted in TRIS (Leptin, FABP4) and PBS (Chemerin and Progranulin) respectively. Experiments were done using named adipokines as costimulatory substance during stimulation period or during maturation of monocytes towards macrophages.
In a separate experiment hypoxic conditions were maintained by transfer of cell culture plates into bags, aspiration of room air and insufflation of hypoxic air (5% CO2, 1% O2, 94% N2).
3
Progranulin Sensitivity Modulation
4
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Analysis
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Cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed using ELISA monoplex kits according to the manufacturers’ instructions [Aβ43 (IBL), Aβ42 (Innogenetics), t-tau (Innogenetics), p-tau (Innogenetics), NF-L (UmanDiagnostics), YKL-40 (Bio-Techne, CSF diluted 1:400), GFAP (BioVendor) and progranulin (Adipogen Life Sciences, CSF diluted 1:15)]. Samples were thawed in ice-water prior to analysis, and all samples were analyzed in duplicate. Cross-reactivity for Aβ42 in the Aβ43 ELISA was given as <1%. Although this would contribute slightly to measurements for Aβ43, it would be a constant for both control and patient groups. Aβ43 was reported to have 50× less affinity than Aβ42 for the antibodies in the Aβ42 kit.
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