All the weak acids (acetic, lactic, sorbic and benzoic) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis. MO, USA). Acid solutions were prepared as 0.1 M stock solutions in PBS (pH 7.4), and titrated to a pH of ∼7 using NaOH solution. Subsequently, the stock solutions were serially diluted to prepare analyte samples, each with a final concentration of 1 fM to 10 μM. Electrical performance of the sensor electrodes was measured by a semiconductor analyzer (Keithley 2612A, Cleveland, OH, USA) and a probe station (MS TECH, model 4000, Seoul, Korea). To monitor the response of CNF-FETs in solution environment, a glass chamber (200-μl volume) was utilized. The chamber was filled with 100 μl of PBS electrolyte (pH 7.4). The gate electrode was immersed in the PBS electrolyte (pH 7.4) and used to bias the sensor to the desired operating point. During the measurement, source-drain bias voltage (VSD) was maintained at −0.01 V with a gate bias of 0.7 V. The solution (3 μl) containing the analyte was consecutively added into the electrolyte chamber and ISD was monitored. The measured ISD was normalized as , where is the measured real-time current and is the initial current.
Lactic
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Lactic is a laboratory equipment designed for the cultivation and analysis of lactic acid bacteria. It provides a controlled environment for the growth and study of these microorganisms, which are crucial in various industrial and research applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Citric, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Malic, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Acetic, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Succinic, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Malonic, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fumaric, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fructose, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Benzoic, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pyruvic, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 hydroxybutyric, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Cis aconitic, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tartaric, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Oxalic, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Glucose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Propionic, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
16 protocols using lactic
1
Electrical Detection of Weak Acids
2
GC-MS Analysis of Organic Acids
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The 14 OA standards (pyruvic, lactic, glycolic, 2-hydroxybutyric, 3-hydroxybutyric, malonic, succinic, fumaric, α-ketoglutaric, malic, 2-hydroxyglutaric, cis-aconitic, citric, and isocitric acid), and O-methoxyamine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). N-Methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) + 1% tert-butyldimetheylchlorosilane (TBDMCS) was obtained from Thermo Scientific (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Toluene, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and sodium chloride of pesticide grade were supplied by Kanto Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received.
3
GC-MS Analysis of Organic Acids
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The 14 OA standards (pyruvic, lactic, glycolic, 2-hydroxybutyric, 3-hydroxybutyric, malonic, succinic, fumaric, α-ketoglutaric, malic, 2-hydroxyglutaric, cis-aconitic, citric, and isocitric acid), and O-methoxyamine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). N-Methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) + 1% tert-butyldimetheylchlorosilane (TBDMCS) was obtained from Thermo Scientific (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Toluene, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and sodium chloride of pesticide grade were supplied by Kanto Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received.
4
Analytical Standards for Polyphenol Analysis
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Sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol/L) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland). Buffer solutions of pH 2, 4 and 7 were purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland). Sucrose, glucose, fructose, tartaric, malic, lactic, acetic, citric and succinic acids were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland), all with a purity level of ≥98%. Analytical standards of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-Oglucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-4′-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate, procyanidin A1 and A2, trans-resveratrol, and trans-piceid, were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). The analytic standards of gallic acid, caftaric acid, protocatechuic acid, coutaric acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were purchased from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Acetonitrile (HPLC gradient grade) was purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland). Formic acid (LC–MS grade) was purchased from Fischer Scientific (Schwerte, Germany).
5
Phosphate Solubilization Kinetics of Strain KPS-11
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The strain KPS-11 was inoculated in 100 mL of Pikovskaya’s broth in 500 mL flasks in triplicate and incubated in an orbital shaker at 150 rpm at 28 ± 2°C for up to 10 days (240 h). Twenty micro liter of bacterial culture from each flask was harvested at 5, 7, and 10 days post inoculation, centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 min and cell-free supernatant was collected. Phosphate solubilization was determined through Phospho-molybdate blue color method using spectrophotometer (λ = 882 nm) as described by Murphy and Riley (1962) (link). For HPLC analysis, the cell-free supernatant was filtered through 0.2 μm nylon filters (Millipore, USA) and 20 μL was injected to HPLC equipped with Turbochrom software (Perkin Elmer, USA) and C-18 column at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1 using 30:1:70 (v/v/v) methanol: acetic acid: water as mobile phase. Signals were detected at 210 nm. The organic acids gluconic, malic, lactic, oxalic, tartaric, and ascorbic acid (Sigma–Aldrich) were used as standard.
6
Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Balsamic Vinegar Metabolites
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A total of 57 samples of both TBVM and BVM have been analyzed. The 36 samples of TBVM were of different ages from 12 to over 25 years (14 old and 22 extra-old). Among the 21 samples of BVM, 13 were defined as aged. All kinds of vinegar samples were provided by private producers. Each sample belonged to a different set of barrels. Pyridoxine, dimethyl sulphoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6), and 3-(Trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP) for internal referencing were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Citric, malic, succinic, lactic, acetic, formic, and tartaric acids, ethyl acetate, glucose, fructose, 6-O-acetyl glucose, acetyl fructose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), leucine, valine, 2,3-butanediol, and ethanol were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).
7
Quantification of Metabolites and Bioactive Compounds
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External standards for 1-kestose, nystose, raffinose, glucose, fructose, rhamnose, maltose and for citric tartaric, lactic and acetic acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). External standards for formic and succinic acids were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, HE, Germany). External standards for procyanidin A2, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, kaempferol 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside (rutin), quercetin 3-glucoside, myricetin, came from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). cis-Resveratrol and trans-resveratrol were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). External standards of the phenolics: gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, trans-caftaric acid, caffeic acid, hesperidin, naringenin, procyanidin B1, catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin B2, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile, methanol, potassium persulfate, gallic acid and ethyl alcohol were obtained from Merck. The ultrapure water was obtained using a Marte Científica purification system (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The chromogen 3,3′diaminobenzidine tetrachloride was purchased from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA, USA). All antibodies used in this study were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, UK). All chemical reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade.
8
Quantification of Short-Chain Fatty Acids
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Acetic, butyric, d4-Acetic, 13C2-butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric, lactic, propionic, and valeric acids, were purchased from Sigma® (Dorset, UK). D6-isobutyric, D9-isovaleric,13C3-lactic, D2-propionic and D9-valeric acids were purchased from Toronto research chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Ortho-phosphoric and formic acid was obtained from Lichropur (Dorset, UK). Semi-skimmed milk was bought from ALDI supermarket (Essen, Germany). Human plasma (K2EDTA) was purchased from BIoIVT (Royston, UK). All solvents with high purity grade were used for LC-MS/MS analysis.
9
Phenolic and Organic Acid Standards
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The standards of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5–dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, rutin, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin, tuteolin, naringenin, apigenin, kaempferol, vitexin) as well as organic acids (acetic, citric, fumaric, lactic, malic, maleic, malonic, oxalic, quinic and succinic) were purchased in Sigma—Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA).
10
HPLC Analysis of Organic Acids
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High-performance liquid chromatography was applied for the analysis of the organic acids. An HPLC analysis was carried out on a Perkin-Elmer (USA) FLEXAR chromatograph (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) with a UV-Vis detector. Malic, succinic, lactic, citric, and acetic acids (Sigma-Aldrich) were determined using the Rezex ROA-Organic Acid Aminex HPX-87H (300 mm, 18 cm × 7.8 mm). Samples were isocratically eluted at 40 °C with a mobile phase (0.005 MH2SO4) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Quantitative determinations were made with the use of standard curves prepared with the appropriate standards: Malic, succinic, lactic, citric, and acetic acids [31 (link)].
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