Evolution 201

The BSA rejection test of the β-CD/CS porous membranes was characterized using 1 g/L BSA solution. The experiment was carried out at 0.1 MPa with the temperature at (25 ± 1) °C and the permeate was collected for 10 min. The BSA concentration in feed and permeate was determined by an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (Evolution 201, Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd., Waltham, MA, USA) at 280 nm. The rejection rate was obtained by Equation (2): $R=\frac{C_o-C_e}{C_o}\times 100\%$
where R (%) is the rejection rate. C_o (mg/L) and C_e (mg/L) are the concentration of feed and permeation solutions, respectively.

FITC-HA-BSA conjugates (40 µM) and (80 µM) PTX-loaded FITC-HA-BSA NPs (40 µM) were prepared as described above. The absorbance spectra of these samples, and of the dispersion of PTX alone (stock solution added to buffer only), were measured. The summation of the absorbance of PTX and of FITC-HA-BSA conjugates was calculated and compared to the absorbance of (80 µM) PTX-loaded FITC-HA-BSA NPs (40 µM). The spectroscopic measurements were performed using Evolution 201, UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Bargal, Shoham, Israel).

The pristine and protonated melamine sponges were fixed between two glass vessels having a diameter of 34 mm. The compressed melamine sponge was fixed in a syringe having a diameter of 19 mm. All sponges used for oil/water separations were pre-wetted with water. The oil/water mixtures were poured into the filter and the separation was performed driven by gravity. The filtrate water was collected and its oil content determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection [GC/FID; 5890 (HP) and 7890 (Agilent)]. The oil rejection ratios in the filtrate from the surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions were determined by measuring the oil contents in the feed and corresponding filtrates, using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Evolution 201, Thermo Scientific; the oil was dyed with Sudan Blue II).

The density ρ of the sintered glass parts was measured by the Archimedes principle using a lab scale Quintix 124‐1S and a density kit analytical balance YDK03 (Sartorius AG, Germany). The sintered fused silica parts were weighed in the dry state (m). Afterward, they were immersed in DI water (T = 20.5 °C) with a small amount of surfactant and the buoyancy mass m_b was determined. The density was calculated using following equation, with ρ_H2O being the density of water
$$\rho =\frac{m{\rho }_{{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}}}{-m_{\mathrm{b}}}$$
The shrinkage was determined by measuring three different FDM‐printed parts in the green part stage and after sintering with a caliper. The theoretical linear shrinkage Y_s can be calculated in dependence of the solid loading Φ, theoretical density ρ_t, and final density ρ_f of the manufactured object using following equation
$$Y_{\mathrm{s}}=1-{\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{t}}/{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}$$
Optical inline transmission was determined by using a UV–vis spectrometer of type Evolution 201 (Thermo Scientific, Germany) and an FTIR spectrometer of type Frontier 100 MIR‐FTIR (Perkin Elmer, Germany). Total UV–vis transmission and reflectance were measured using a UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer of type UV‐3600i Plus (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with an integrating sphere attachment of type ISR‐1503 (Shimadzu, Japan). Fused silica glass slides (2 mm thickness, Toppan Photomasks, Inc., USA) were used as a reference sample for all measurements.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis of biosynthesized AgNPs was performed by continuous scanning from 350 to 700 nm (Thermo-Scientific—Evolution-201, Waltham, MA, USA) and 1 mM silver nitrate solution was used for the baseline correction.

The membrane module used for electrochemically assisted filtration was schematically shown in Figure S1. The water permeance (P) of the SrGO membranes was calculated following the equation of P = V/(StΔp), where V was the water volume (L) penetrating the membrane in a time interval (t, h), S was the effective membrane area (m²), and Δp was the transmembrane pressure difference (bar).
Dye solutions (Evans blue (EB), Congo red (CR) or methyl blue (MB), 10 mg L⁻¹), humic acid (HA, 10 mg L⁻¹), salt solutions (CuSO₄, Cr (NO₃)₃ or Cd (NO₃)₂, 1 mM), and dye/salt mixed solution (MB (10 mg L⁻¹), CuSO₄ (0.5 mM), Cr (NO₃)₃ (0.5 mM) and Cd (NO₃)₂ (0.5 mM)) were used to evaluate the separation performance of the SrGO membranes. To eliminate the contribution of adsorption to the rejection, the SrGO membranes were soaked in the solutions for 24 h before filtration. The concentrations of dyes and HA in filtrate were measured by an UV-visible spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Evolution 201), and the concentration of Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Cd²⁺ was measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Agilent 7850). The rejection ratio (R) was calculated following the equation of R = (C₀ − C)/C₀, where C₀ and C were the concentrations of dyes, HA or metal ions in feed and filtrate, respectively.