Xylazine hcl

Manufactured by Bayer

Sourced in Hungary

Xylazine HCl is a laboratory-grade chemical compound used as a sedative and analgesic in various research and scientific applications. It is a commonly used veterinary anesthetic agent. Xylazine HCl is a clear, crystalline powder that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. The core function of Xylazine HCl is to induce a state of sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in research animals.

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Lab products found in correlation

Eponate, by Ted Pella (1 mentions) Zoletil, by Virbac (1 mentions) Tiletamine zolazepam, by Virbac (1 mentions) Methyllycaconitine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Nicotine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

11 protocols using xylazine hcl

Equine Blood Collection for Research

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The University of Guelph Animal Care Committee specifically approved this study with regards to the procedures of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (animal use protocol 1756) and equine umbilical cord blood (animal use protocol 1570). Additional research conducted using specimens of this kind does not require review by the Animal Care Committee (falls under CCAC Category of Invasiveness A). Peripheral blood and cord blood collection were conducted as add-on procedures to the routine care of the horse. No animals were harmed or sacrificed during this study.
The horse owners/agents provided informed consent in writing. Cord blood was collected after the umbilical cord had been clamped and detached from the foal. Access to research horses is granted after the approval of the animal care protocol by investigators. Peripheral blood was collected from adult horses at the Equine Research Station managed by the University of Guelph in partnership with the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs. Peripheral blood was collected by Dr. Koch. Horses were under mild sedation (Xylazine HCl, 0.35–0.40 mg/kg bwt IV; Bayer, Toronto, ON, Canada), and blood was collected from the jugular vein following which manual pressure was applied for several minutes to aid hemostasis.

Lee O.J, & Koch T.G. (2022). Steps Toward Standardized In Vitro Assessment of Immunomodulatory Equine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Before Clinical Application. Stem Cells and Development, 31(1-2), 18-25.

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Sciatic Nerve Stimulation in Rats

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Eighteen 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, average weighing 350 g were purchased from Young Bio (Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). All the animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Konkuk University (KU16029), and the methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All the electrodes for the in vivo study were sterilized using a UV-C germicidal lamp equipped laminar-flow hood (UV output of 19.8 W, Sankyo Denki, Japan) for about 2 hours.
General anesthesia was induced using xylazine HCl (Bayer Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Korea) and maintained with 1.5–2% isoflurane (Hana Pharm, Gyeonggi-do, Korea) with 100% O2 during the surgical procedures. A mid-lateral skin incision was made a parallel to the femur, and a pair of electrodes was carefully implanted in the sciatic nerve. The gap between the stimulating and recording cuff electrodes was 5 mm. All the leads were routed subcutaneously to a pin connector for the continuous acquisition of data, and the connector was sealed with dental cement (VertexTM Self Curing, Vertex Dental, Soesterberg, Netherlands).

Kim H.J., Heo D.N., Lee Y.J., Lee S.J., Kang J.Y., Lee S.H., Kwon I.K, & Do S.H. (2017). Biological assessments of multifunctional hydrogel-decorated implantable neural cuff electrode for clinical neurology application. Scientific Reports, 7, 15245.

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Ovariectomized Mice Treated with Herb Extracts

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Mice were surgically ovariectomized under anesthesia with tiletamine/zolazapam (Virbac Korea, Seoul, Korea) and xylazine HCl (Bayer Korea, Kyungkido, Korea) using a ventral approach. At 7 weeks of age, mice were randomly divided into 10 groups of 7 mice as follows: (1) sham-operated control mice (sham) received daily oral phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of equal volume. (2) OVX mice received a daily oral administration of PBS (OVX). (3) OVX mice treated daily with 50 mg/kg b.w. of SME, (4) with 100 mg/kg b.w. of SME, or (5) with 200 mg/kg b.w. of SME via oral administration. (6) OVX mice treated daily with 50 mg/kg b.w. of SML, (7) with 100 mg/kg b.w. of SML, or (8) with 200 mg/kg b.w. of SML via oral administration. (9) OVX mice treated daily with 10 ml/kg b.w. of LCa. (10) OVX mice received i.p. injections of 17β-estradiol (E₂) (0.1 mg/kg b.w.) three times per week. All mice received their respective treatment for 12 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the mice were subjected to micro-CT analysis and were sacrificed at the designated time point to provide adequate serum for assays.

Park B., Song H.S., Kwon J.E., Cho S.M., Jang S.A., Kim M.Y, & Kang S.C. (2017). Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract with supplemental liquefied calcium on osteoporosis in calcium-deficient ovariectomized mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 545.

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Colonic anastomosis with PVA patch

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Intraperitoneal administration of 30 mg/kg of Cefazolin (Daana pharma co, Tehran, Iran) was performed for all rats as a prophylactic antibiotic. Then rats underwent general anesthesia by single intraperitoneal injection of ketamine HCL 86 mg/kg (Gedeon Richter Ltd, Budapest, Hungary) and xylazine HCL 13 mg/kg (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). The abdomen was first shaved, then disinfected using 10% povidone-iodine. We performed laparotomy with an approximately 3 cm midline incision. The cecum part of the intestine was identified then the ascending colon lumen, 2 cm distal to the cecum, was cut sharply with a number-11 bistoury blade. For the control group, end-to-end hand-sewn anastomosis was made with 5/0 proline (Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). For the case group, the two edges of the cut lumen were approximate and aligned by four simple stitches, and then the whole surface of the anastomosis segment was covered tightly with the modified PVA patch. The abdomen cavity was irrigated with isotonic saline, then closed via a continuous suture technique with 4/0 silk (Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany).

Dorkhani E., Noorafkan Y., Asbagh R.A., Okhovat M., Heirani-Tabasi A, & Ahmadi Tafti S.M. (2022). Design and fabrication of modified bi-layer poly vinyl alcohol adhesive sealant film for preventing gastrointestinal leakage. Frontiers in Surgery, 9, 1018590.

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Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Agents

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Ketamine HCl (50 mg/ml, Rotexmedica GmbH, Germany), xylazine HCl (100 mg/mL, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Solution (Life Technologies, Germany). Picro Sirius Red Stain Kit (Cambridge, MA, USA). Ivermectin powder USP (Letco Medical, LLC), Silver Sulfadiazine (1% (w/w), Pharmacia, Germany). ELISA kits for TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4 (Abcam, USA), TGF-β₁, VEGF (RayBiotech, GA, US), LTB4, PGD₂ & PGE₂ (Cayman Chemical, MI - USA).

Sia D.K., Mensah K.B., Opoku-Agyemang T., Folitse R.D, & Darko D.O. (2020). Mechanisms of ivermectin-induced wound healing. BMC Veterinary Research, 16, 397.

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Minipig Tissue Preparation for Histological Analysis

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Before fabricating specimens for tissue observation from the experimental animals, a mixture of xylazine HCL (2.3 mg/kg, Bayer) and ketamine (5 mg/kg, Yuhan Corporation) was intravenously injected into the minipigs at four, eight, and 12 weeks after graft to put the minipigs under anesthesia. Then, KCL (2 mmol/1 g, Huons) was swiftly injected into the veins to administer euthanasia and bone fragments including implements and adjacent tissues were collected immediately after the sacrifice.
The tissues collected from two minipigs per each week of collection were used in histomorphometric analysis. The collected tissues were fixed in 70% alcohol for three days and then stained first by leaving them in a Villanueva staining solution for seven to10 days. For dehydration and bleaching, the tissues were left in each of 50, 70, 80, 95, and 100% alcohol solutions for four hours and then left in propylene oxide overnight for complete dehydration. Blocks were made using epoxy resin (Eponate, Ted Pella Inc., Redding, CA, USA) and hardened for three days in an incubator at 60°C. Thereafter, trimmed sections were made using an Accutom-50 (Struers Co., Copenhagen, Denmark) and the trimmed sections were ground using a micro-cutting and grinding system (EXAKT, Exakt Co., Norderstedt, Germany) to make 10-20 μm thick tissue slides.

Kim S.K., Kim S.W, & Kim K.W. (2015). Effect on bone formation of the autogenous tooth graft in the treatment of peri-implant vertical bone defects in the minipigs. Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 37(1), 2.

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Laminectomy Defect Repair in Rabbits

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All rabbits were sedated with intramuscular Zoletil 50 (60 mg/kg; tiletamine chlorohydrate/zolazepam chlorohydrate, Vibac Laboratories, Seoul, Korea) and Rumpun (18.64 mg/kg; xylazine HCL, Bayer, Seoul, Korea). Before beginning the surgical procedure, the lower back area of each rabbits was shaved, and the operative field was sterilized with povidone. The paraspinal muscles were retracted subperiostically through a L2–S1 midline incision, and two separate laminectomies (10×5 mm²) were performed at lumbar vertebrae L3 and L6 in each rabbit. The ligamentum flavum and peridural fat tissue were cleared away from the surgical site. Hemostasis was obtained using a bipolar coagulator. Each of the two laminectomy sites was treated differently : 1) At the lumbar vertebra L3 laminectomy site, the defect was left empty and covered by a re-approximation of soft tissue and skin (the control group), and 2) at the lumbar vertebra L6 laminectomy site, 2 mL of the TSAA agent was applied to the dura (the experimental group). The fascia was then closed with 3-0 Surgifit, and the skin was closed with 3-0 nylon sutures. After the operation, an intramuscular injection of antibiotics (Gentamicin sulfate 0.05 mL) was administered, and the rabbits were raised without any intervention. The rabbits were postoperatively housed in individual cages, received a normal diet, and were allowed normal activity.

Park J.W., Bak K.H., Cho T.K., Chun H.J, & Ryu J.I. (2016). Effects of a Temperature-Sensitive, Anti-Adhesive Agent on the Reduction of Adhesion in a Rabbit Laminectomy Model. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, 59(3), 250-258.

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Aluminum Phosphide Toxicity Model

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Chemicals were obtained from the following sources: aluminum phosphide (Samiran Pesticide Formulating Co., Tehran, Iran), ketamine HCl (Gedoon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary), and xylazine HCl (Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany), sodium bicarbonate (Sterile solution, Shahid Ghazi Pharmaceutical Co., Tabriz, Iran). All other reagents were purchased from Merck (Germany). AlP pills were dissolved in almond oil (final volume 0. 6 ml) [18 ] and was orally administered by a feeding needle (gavage). The same volume of vehicle (almond oil) was used and orally administered to the control group.

Rahimi N., Abdolghaffari A.H., Partoazar A., Javadian N., Dehpour T., Mani A.R, & Dehpour A.R. (2018). Fresh red blood cells transfusion protects against aluminum phosphide-induced metabolic acidosis and mortality in rats. PLoS ONE, 13(3), e0193991.

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Evaluating VvpM Function in Ileal Loop

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To determine the functional role of VvpM we performed further experiment by using the ileal-ligated mouse model. Before surgery, mice were fasted for 24 h and anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a 2:1 mixture of Zoletil™ (20 mg/kg, Virbac Laboratories, Carros, France) and Xylazine HCl (10 mg/kg, Rompun®, Bayer, Germany). While maintaining the body temperature at 37°C using a heating pad, a small abdominal incision was made and a loop of middle ileum of intestine was isolated by silk suture (2–3 cm in length). The closed ileal loop was instilled with 100 μl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing WT, vvpM mutant, and vvpM complement at 1.3 × 10⁹ CFU/mL for 2 h. After putting the ileal loop back into the peritoneal cavity, the cavity was closed with suture. At 2 h after the inoculation of both strains, the mice were sacrificed and the intestinal loops were removed for real-time PCR and the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.

Lee S.J., Jung Y.H., Kim J.S., Lee H.J., Lee S.H., Lee K.H., Jang K.K., Choi S.H, & Han H.J. (2017). A Vibrio vulnificus VvpM Induces IL-1β Production Coupled with Necrotic Macrophage Death via Distinct Spatial Targeting by ANXA2. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 7, 352.

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Ovariectomy and Phytoestrogen Treatment

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The mice underwent either bilateral laparotomy (sham, n = 6) or bilateral OVX (n = 24) under anesthesia with tiletamine/zolazepam (Virbac Korea, Seoul, Korea) and xylazine HCl (Bayer Korea, Kyungkido, Korea) using a ventral approach at 7 weeks of age. The surgical procedure was performed under aseptic conditions following ethical regulations for animal care and use. At 1 week after surgery, the mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6 per group): (1) sham-operated mice orally administered an equivalent volume of PBS to treatment groups (sham control); (2) OVX mice with daily oral administration of PBS (OVX); (3) OVX mice with daily oral administration of PCA at 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.); (4) OVX mice with daily oral administration of PCA at 20 mg/kg b.w.; and (5) OVX with intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of 17β-estradiol (E₂) at 0.1 mg/kg b.w./day three times per week. Body weight was measured weekly, and the PCA or E₂ dose was adjusted accordingly. All experimental mice received their respective treatment for 12 weeks. There was no treatment-related mortality during the experimental course.

Jang S.A., Song H.S., Kwon J.E., Baek H.J., Koo H.J., Sohn E.H., Lee S.R, & Kang S.C. (2018). Protocatechuic Acid Attenuates Trabecular Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018, 7280342.

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