Tga 5500

Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to measure the thermal stability of the obtained chitooligomers fractions and the unmodified chitosan. A TGA 5500 thermogravimetric analyser from TA Instruments Company (Tokyo, Japan) was used. The analyses were carried out by increasing the temperature from room temperature to 300 °C in an inert nitrogen atmosphere with a flow rate of 25 mL/min and a warming rate of 10 K/min.

TGA5500, TA Instruments (New Castle, DE, USA), was used to analyse dynamic thermogravimetry from 25 °C to 800 °C. During the analysis, nitrogen flow was kept at a constant rate of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The sample was weighed at 10 mg and placed in a 100 mL crucible according to the ASTM E1131 procedure.

The thermal stability analysis of E. mollis oil was performed using a TGA 5500 (TA Instrument, DE, USA). A heating rate of 10 °C /min with a temperature in the range of 25–600 °C was used to carry out this analysis [26 (link)].

Voltage and current during fuel-driven
actuation of the samples were measured by a digital multimeter (Keithley
DAQ6510). The sample ends were connected to the multimeter by copper
wires glued with conductive silver paste. Thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA) was conducted via a TA Instruments TGA 5500. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) images of the fibers and their cross-sections were
taken via a Tescan LYRA-3. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) characterization
was conducted via a Tosoh GPC using DMF/0.5 wt % LiCl. To prepare
the polymer solution, 2 mg of polyaniline powder was dissolved in
2 mL of HPLC grade DMF containing 0.5 wt % LiCl. The solution was
passed through a filter prior to the measurement. To characterize
the mechanical properties, we conducted tests on wet-spun, washed,
dried, and Pt-coated PANI single fibers. These tests were performed
according to ASTM C1557 standards using a Deben microtensile stage
equipped with a 20 N load cell. We chose a fiber length of 10 mm and
a strain rate of 1 mm/min for the tests.

A DSC analyzer Model 60A (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) was used to analyze the thermal properties of the samples. A total of 2 mg (dry weight) of the sample was accurately weighed into an aluminum pan and mixed with deionized water (1:10, w/w). The pan was sealed and then heated from 20 °C to 120 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min. An aluminum pan was used as a reference. [19 (link)]. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of crosslinked modified samples tested using the method of Wu et al. [20 (link)] was performed using a TGA thermogravimetric analyzer TGA5500 (TA Instruments, Newcastle, DE, USA). The weight of the samples was 10 mg, and the heating-temperature interval was from 30 °C to 800 °C. The heating process was protected by a constant flow of nitrogen gas [20 (link)].