30 mice were weighed and anesthetized using a ketamine (66.7 mg/kg; Henry Schein, Dublin, OH) and xylazine (6.67 mg/kg) cocktail administered by i.p. injection. 0.1 mL 1% Lidocaine HCl (Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL) was subcutaneously applied above the skull. Green and red Retrobeads (0.2 – 0.3 μL/site; Lumafluor, Durham, NC), directed at ipsilateral BNST (AP +0.15, ML −1.00, DV −4.8; no angle) and VTA (AP −3.1, ML −0.50, DV −4.6; no angle) structures, were infused via Hamilton syringes. RetroBeads were intended to be used in combination with c-Fos IR to study neurocircuitry activated in response to binge-like drinking. However, since RetroBeads failed to exhibit measurable retrograde labeling these data were not quantified and are not described further. Following surgery conclusion, animals received topical analgesic cream containing Lidocaine and Prilocaine (25mg/g of each; Akorn Pharmaceuticals, Gurnee, IL). Subjects recovered for two weeks before undergoing testing (i.e., age at testing onset = 9 – 11 weeks). N=15 mice consumed only tap water during DID while n=15 consumed 20% ethanol. We used a larger sample size in this cohort relative to the surgery-naïve cohort described below as we anticipated loss of subjects due to missed RetroBead placement, but since we abandoned Retrobead assessment there was no need to remove animals.
Lidocaine
Manufactured by Akorn
Sourced in United States, Israel
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic medication used to numb specific areas of the body. It works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the application site to the brain. Lidocaine is commonly used in medical procedures to provide temporary pain relief.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Stereotactic frame, by Kopf Instruments (4 mentions)
Prilocaine, by Akorn (2 mentions)
Ketamine, by Henry Schein (1 mentions)
Prilocaine cream, by Akorn (1 mentions)
Gradient refractive index lens, by Inscopix (1 mentions)
Bpx 30, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Achieva, by Philips (1 mentions)
Fluorinert fc 770, by 3M (1 mentions)
9 protocols using lidocaine
1
Investigating Neuronal Circuitry in Binge Drinking
2
Anesthesia and Surgery Protocols for Mice
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For cranial surgeries, all mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (0.8–1.5% in oxygen; 1 L/minute) and placed within a stereotactic frame (Kopf Instruments). Ophthalmic ointment (Akorn), topical anesthetic (2% Lidocaine; Akorn), analgesic (Ketorolac, 2 mg/kg, ip), and subcutaneous sterile saline (0.9% NaCl in water) were given pre- and intra-operatively for health and pain management. An antibiotic (Cefazolin, 200 mg/kg, sc) was given post-operatively to reduce the possibility of infection, and mice were allowed to recover for at least 3 weeks after surgeries.
3
Optogenetic Interrogation of Basal Ganglia Circuits
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All stereotaxic injections were performed under isoflurane anesthesia (5% induction; 2%-3% maintenance) and viruses were injected at a rate of 30 nL/min with a 25 G syringe (Hamilton Company). For pain management, a topical lidocaine ointment (2.5% lidocaine, 2.5% prilocaine; Akorn) was applied to the incision site and systemic carprofen injections (5 mg/kg S.C.) were administered for a minimum of three days following surgery. To isolate GABAergic projections from the globus pallidus or the reticular thalamic nucleus to the dorsal striatum, parvalbumin-cre × tdTomato expressing mice on a C57BL/6J background (Tanahira et al., 2009; Mathur et al., 2013) were stereotaxically injected with an adeno-associated virus expressing channelrhodopsin (AAV5-hSyn-ChR2-eYFP) in the globus pallidus (AP -0.4mm, ML ± 2.0mm, DV -3.7mm; 200 nL/side) or the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (AP -0.58mm, ML ± 1.25mm, DV -3.5mm; 200 nL/side).
4
Ovariectomy Procedure in Rodents
5
In Vivo Calcium Imaging of dmPFC
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Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (0.8-1.5% in oxygen; 1L/minute) and placed within a stereotactic frame (Kopf Instruments) for cranial surgeries. Ophthalmic ointment (Akorn), topical anesthetic (2% Lidocaine; Akorn), analgesic (Ketorolac, 2 mg/kg, ip), and subcutaneous sterile saline (0.9% NaCl in water) treatments were given pre-and intra-operatively for health and pain management. Before lens implantation, a virus encoding the calcium indicator GCaMP6s (AAVdj-CaMK2α-GCaMP6s; UNC Vector Core) was unilaterally microinjected into the dmPFC (specifically targeting prelimbic cortex; 400nl; AP, +1.85mm; ML, -0.50mm; DV, -2.45mm). Next, a microendoscopic GRIN lens (gradient refractive index lens; 4mm long, 1mm diameter; Inscopix) was implanted dorsal to dmPFC (AP, +1.85mm; ML,-0.50mm ; DV,-2.15mm) as previously described (Otis et al., 2017; Resendez et al., 2016) . A custom-made ring (stainless steel; 5 mm ID, 11 mm OD) was then adhered to the skull using dental cement and skull screws. Head rings were scored on the base using a drill for improved adherence. Following surgeries, mice received antibiotics (Cefazolin, 200 mg/kg, sc), and were allowed to recover with access to food and water ad libitum for at least 21 days. Histology was performed after the experiments to ensure virus placement in dmPFC and lens placement dorsal to dmPFC GCaMP6s-expressing neurons.
6
Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Mice
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For all surgeries descried below, mice were anesthetized with 0.8–1.5% isoflurane mixed with pure oxygen (1 L/min) and placed within a stereotactic frame (David Kopf Instruments) and all surgical instruments and materials were sterilized. Ophthalmic ointment (Akorn) and a topical anesthetic (2% Lidocaine; Akorn) were applied during surgeries, and subcutaneous injections of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl in water) were administered to prevent dehydration. Following surgeries, mice received acetaminophen in their drinking water for two days and were monitored for 7 days or until full recovery.
7
Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Mice
8
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Rats
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For oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), rats were food-fasted overnight and then given their scheduled dose of FG-2216 or Vehicle the following day. Approximately 6 hours after dosing, rats were administered glucose (2 g/kg; 5 mL/kg from a 0.4 g/mL glucose solution in deionized water; EMD Millipore Corporation; Billerica, MA) by oral gavage. A drop of blood was collected from the tail vein of rats to measure blood glucose with an AlphaTRAK2 glucometer before and 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after glucose administration. During OGTTs, rats were kept warm with a heating pad to induce mild vasodilation of tail vessels to ease blood collection. Before blood collection, rats were given local anesthesia with a topical lidocaine (2.5%) and prilocaine (2.5%) cream (Akorn, Lake Forest, IL) applied to the tail. The tail was wiped clean before collecting blood.
9
Multiparametric MRI Protocol for Prostate Cancer
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