In order to characterize the electromechanical properties of the soft sensors, an electromechanical tester (Instron 5544A, Norwood, MA, USA) was used. During the electromechanical testing, sensors were placed on the top and bottom clamps of the tensile tester. The bottom clamp was fixed while the top clamp was displaced at a predetermined speed. The capacitance values of the sensors were recorded with a capacitance meter. The force, extension, and capacitance data were synchronously logged through a common I/O interface, (BNC-2111, National Instruments Corp., Austin, TX, USA). A 50% level of strain was applied during the characterization of sensors, as this strain level meets the requirements of detecting posture and movement of the human body. Through this experimental set-up, the gauge factor, response time, and resolution of sensors were calculated. In addition to these parameters, drift behavior was also determined.
Bnc 2111
Manufactured by National Instruments
Sourced in United States
The BNC-2111 is a data acquisition device that provides BNC connectors for analog input and output channels. It is designed to be used with National Instruments data acquisition systems and software.
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5 protocols using bnc 2111
1
Electromechanical Characterization of Soft Sensors
2
Thermodilution Cardiac Output Validation
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The experimental protocol consisted of a total of 80 injections into the circuit with simultaneous measurement of total flow and of the thermodilution signals from each catheter. 5 injections each were performed at 4 different flow settings (500, 100, 1500, 2000 ml/min) and 4 different injection volumes (3, 5, 7, 10 ml). The room temperature and thus temperature of the injectate was maintained at 23 °C. The pulmonary artery catheters were connected to either a Vigilance I (2 catheters, Edwards Lifescience, Irvine CA, US) or a Vigilance II (2 catheters, Edwards Lifescience, Irvine CA, US) with an analogue data output connected to an analog–digital converter board (BNC-2111, National Instruments, Austin TX, US). Data from the flow probe were collected with the same system. Room and circuit temperature were controlled manually after each set of 5 injections. Each injection triggered a data acquisition sequence of 30 s. Data acquisition was performed at a sample rate of 200 Hz using MatLab (v2022a, Mathworks, Natwick MA, US).
3
Validated Recumbent Bike Protocol for Assessing Leg MVC
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The recumbent bike allows the pedals to be locked instantly (2-3 s of delay after cycling interruption), maintaining the cranks parallel to the ground and hip, knee, and ankle angles at approximately 100°, 90°, and 90°, respectively. The ergometer was validated by Doyle-Baker et al. ( 13). Participants were firmly attached at the hip and chest with noncompliant straps. MVC of the right leg was measured during the NMA by a wireless Power Force pedal force analysis system (Model PF1.0.0; Radlabor GmbH, Freiburg, Germany) located between the pedal and the crank. Force was sampled at 500 Hz and recorded using Imago Record software (version 8.50, Radlabor GmbH) ( 13, 21 ). To provide real-time visual force feedback during the MVC, the force signal was transmitted to a PowerLab system (16/35; AD Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia) using a National Instruments 16-bit A/D card (NI PCI-6229; National Instruments, Austin, TX) and a connector block (BNC-2111, National Instruments) and displayed on a large computer monitor positioned in front of the participant.
4
Reliability Assessment of Serpentine Interconnects
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To assess the reliability and electromechanical performance of the serpentine interconnects, we performed two types of tests. The first test is one-time uniaxial stretching until substrate breakage and conductor rupture. Supplementary Fig. 11a demonstrates the setup for this test. A commercial mechanical tester (Instron 5943) with a 0.5 kN load cell was used. Load and extension data were recorded using a crosshead speed of 1 mm/s until 100% extension of the original length of the samples. The prepared samples were the interconnect modules with two serpentine lines, and dimensions of 10 mm × 20 mm. Resistance was measured with an LCR meter (E4980A, National Instrument) connected to the integrated sensor leads with probes. Via a common I/O interface (BNC-2111, National Instruments), the load, extension, and resistance data were synchronously obtained and logged.
5
Vibration Stimulation of FAI Receptors
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Vibration at the test site was produced using a probe of 6 mm diameter attached to an electromagnetic vibrator (mini-shaker type 4810, Bruel and Kjaer, Naerum, Denmark), and applied perpendicularly to the skin (see Figure 1A ). Vibration frequency was set to 30 Hz to preferentially activate the FAI receptors (Toma and Nakajima, 1995 (link)). The frequency was delivered using a custom program in LabVIEW® and a custom-built BNC breakout box and amplified (Power Amplifier Type 2719, Bruel and Kjaer, Naerum, Denmark). Acceleration and force data were collected (acceleration - model 2221D, Endevco, CA, United States; force – Model 31 load cell, Honeywell, MN, United States) at a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz (BNC-2111, National Instruments, Austin, TX, United States). Displacement of the probe was measured by a custom sensor (model RGH24Z, Renishaw, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom) and input via a DAQ interface (SCC68, National Instruments, Austin, TX, United States) into the custom LabVIEW® program.
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