Participants were asked to refrain from alcohol, caffeine, and moderate to vigorous exercise for 24 h prior to the baseline testing. Measures of height and weight were recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively, on a mechanical beam scale (Health-o-Meter Professional, McCook, IL, USA). Participants completed an incremental ramp test to exhaustion on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Velotron, QUARQ, Spearfish, SD, USA) to assess peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). After an initial 5 min, 50-watt warm-up, participants cycled at 50 W for 4-min at 80 rpm, followed by a constant increase in workload (30 W·min−1 for males; 25 W·min−1 for females), until volitional fatigue. Oxygen consumption was continuously measured using the Quark CPET (COSMED, Chicago, IL, USA) with breath-by-breath analysis. Heart rate was measured by a Garmin heart rate monitor (HRM-Dual, Garmin, Olathe, KS, USA). All participants achieved an RER > 1.1. VO2peak was calculated by the maximum rolling 30-s VO2 (mL O2·min−1·kg−1) average.
Hrm dual
Manufactured by Garmin
Sourced in United States
The HRM-Dual is a heart rate monitoring device from Garmin. It is designed to provide accurate heart rate data for fitness and recreational activities. The device can connect to compatible devices and applications via Bluetooth and ANT+ wireless protocols.
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Lab products found in correlation
8 protocols using hrm dual
1
Incremental Ramp Test for VO2peak Evaluation
2
Wearable HR Monitors Concurrent Validity
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A convenience subsample of 5 subjects (n = 5) were recruited for the evaluation of device agreement and accuracy. The sample consisted of subject who voluntary agreed, were accessible, and able to wear the HRM-DUAL™. We compared the wrist-worn photoplethysmography-based Vivosmart 4 with a Garmin HRM-DUAL™ chest electrocardiogram-based HR monitor, connected to a Garmin Forerunner 265. Both devices were worn simultaneously during a Team Twin session, the Forerunner 265 was placed on the running chair, not the athlete. Each athlete wore two monitors and acted as their own controls (concurrent validity). A researcher attached the wrist-worn and the chest-worn monitor as instructed (39 , 46 ) and simultaneously activated/deactivated the monitors. During this study, we assessed the two devices using methods accommodating accuracy, agreement, and inter-rater agreement between the HR monitors (as described under 2.7.2. HR agreement—secondary objective).
3
Incremental Cycling Test Cardiopulmonary Evaluation
4
Incremental Cardiopulmonary Exercise Protocol
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Power during step‐incremental cycling was increased 10 to 15 W every minute, depending on the individual's fitness. Participants were instructed to maintain constant cadence at their preferred value (between 70 and 85 rpm). Intolerance was defined when participants could no longer maintain their chosen pedalling frequency despite verbal encouragement. Pulmonary gas exchange and ventilatory variables were determined breath‐by‐breath using a metabolic cart (Vyntus CPX; Vyaire Medical GmbH, Höchberg, Germany), which was calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions before each test. Heart rate was recorded using a chest band (HRM‐Dual; Garmin, Olathe, KS, USA) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was determined using Borg scale of 6–20 (Borg, 1982 ). At rest, and at 1, 3 and 5 min of recovery, 20 µL of capillary blood was obtained from a preheated earlobe for blood lactate concentration (Biosen C‐line; EKF, Hamm, Germany). Peak cardiopulmonary variables were measured from the highest 20 s mean values prior to intolerance. GET was determined by two independent investigators by using the modified ‘V slope’ method (Beaver et al., 1986 (link)). The power at GET was estimated after accounting for the individual's V ˙ O 2
5
Determination of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
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Each participant performed a progressive test to exhaustion to determine V ̇O2peak (in L•min -1 ). The initial power was set between 40 and 80 W during the first five minutes and the power was incremented by 10-30 W every 3 minutes according to age, sex and the expertise level of participants.
Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output and ventilation were continuously monitored using a breath-by-breath analyser (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Italy). The gas analysers were calibrated before each test using a gas mixture of known concentration (16.0% O2 and 5% CO2).
Calibration of the flowmeter was performed with a 3-L air syringe. Heart rate was continuously recorded with a heart rate monitor (HRM-Dual, Garmin, Kansas, USA). V ̇O2peak was considered to be reached during the last step when at least two of the following criteria were met: (i) V ̇O2 levelling-off, (ii) maximal respiratory exchange ratio ≥1.1 and (iii) maximal heart rate ≥ 95% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate (208.609 -0.716 • age) (33) . Forty-eight (62%) participants out of 77 showed a V ̇O2 plateau at completion of the maximal test. The criterion for a V ̇O2 plateau was the V ̇O2 levelling-off despite an increase in minute ventilation at maximal effort (16) .
Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output and ventilation were continuously monitored using a breath-by-breath analyser (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Italy). The gas analysers were calibrated before each test using a gas mixture of known concentration (16.0% O2 and 5% CO2).
Calibration of the flowmeter was performed with a 3-L air syringe. Heart rate was continuously recorded with a heart rate monitor (HRM-Dual, Garmin, Kansas, USA). V ̇O2peak was considered to be reached during the last step when at least two of the following criteria were met: (i) V ̇O2 levelling-off, (ii) maximal respiratory exchange ratio ≥1.1 and (iii) maximal heart rate ≥ 95% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate (208.609 -0.716 • age) (33) . Forty-eight (62%) participants out of 77 showed a V ̇O2 plateau at completion of the maximal test. The criterion for a V ̇O2 plateau was the V ̇O2 levelling-off despite an increase in minute ventilation at maximal effort (16) .
6
Maximal Oxygen Uptake Determination Protocol
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Each participant performed a progressive test to exhaustion to determine maximal O2 uptake (V ̇O2max in L•min -1 ). The initial power was set between 40 and 80 W during the first five minutes and the power was incremented by 10-30 W every three minutes according to age, sex, and the expertise level of participants. Arterialised capillary blood samples (20 µL)
were taken from the earlobe at rest and every step to measure the time course of blood lactate concentration ([La] in mmol•L -1 ). Whole blood [La] was determined enzymatically using a Biosen C-Line Clinic lactate analyser (EFK Diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany).
Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output and ventilation were continuously monitored using a breath-by-breath analyser (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Italy). Heart rate was continuously recorded with a heart rate monitor (HRM-Dual, Garmin, Kansas, USA). V ̇O2max was considered to be reached during the last step when at least two of the following criteria were met: (i) V ̇O2 levelling-off, (ii) maximal respiratory exchange ratio ≥1.1, (iii) maximal heart rate ≥ 95% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate (208.609 -0.716 • age) (Shargal et al. 2015 ) and (iv) blood lactate concentration higher than 8 mmol•L -1 .
Session 2
were taken from the earlobe at rest and every step to measure the time course of blood lactate concentration ([La] in mmol•L -1 ). Whole blood [La] was determined enzymatically using a Biosen C-Line Clinic lactate analyser (EFK Diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany).
Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output and ventilation were continuously monitored using a breath-by-breath analyser (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Italy). Heart rate was continuously recorded with a heart rate monitor (HRM-Dual, Garmin, Kansas, USA). V ̇O2max was considered to be reached during the last step when at least two of the following criteria were met: (i) V ̇O2 levelling-off, (ii) maximal respiratory exchange ratio ≥1.1, (iii) maximal heart rate ≥ 95% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate (208.609 -0.716 • age) (Shargal et al. 2015 ) and (iv) blood lactate concentration higher than 8 mmol•L -1 .
Session 2
7
Incremental Bicycle Ergometer Exercise Test
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Peak power output (Wattmax) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were measured using an incremental exercise test on an electronically braked bicycle ergometer (Monark Exercise AB, Vansbro, Swerden) with concurrent breath-by-breath measurement of VO2 using an indirect calorimetry system (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). After a 5 min warm-up at 100 W, the workload was increased by 25 W every minute until exhaustion. Wattmax was calculated as Wattmax = Wcompleted + 25 ∗ (60/t) where Wcompleted is the last fully completed workload and t is time (s) at the workload during which exhaustion occurred. The test was valid if the respiratory exchange ratio was > 1.1, a plateau in oxygen uptake was reached or the heart rate had reached the estimated maximal heart rate ± 10 beats53 (link) and had otherwise to be repeated. Heart rate was continuously monitored with a Garmin heart rate belt (Garmin HRM-Dual, Garmin, USA).
8
Metabolic Data Collection via CPET
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Metabolic data were collected using a K5 Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) spirometer (COSMED, Rome, Italy) in breath-by-breath mode. Turbine, room air, reference gas, and delay calibrations for the spirometer were performed before each session. Heart rate was measured with a Garmin HRM Dual (Garmin International Inc, Kansas, USA) connected with the CPET. Participants were asked to rate their perceived exertion on a 6-20 Borg scale (27 (link)).
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