The chemical composition of PAH-derived SOA is quite complex, with hundreds to thousands of compounds being present. To simplify our approach, and to allow a molecular approach to the toxic response of these particles, we investigated the impact of by-products mimicking naphthalene-derived aerosols [7 (link),8 (link),9 (link),10 (link),30 (link)].
The chemicals investigated in this study were 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), 2-hydroxy-1,4 naphthoquinone (2-OH-NQ), phthalic acid (PA) and phthaldialdehyde (OPA), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Quentin Fallavier, France). All chemicals were dissolved in DMSO and further diluted in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium with low glucose (1 g/L) containing 10% fetal calf serum (DMEM 10% FCS, PAA Laboratories, Toronto, ON, Canada) with the addition of streptomycin plus penicillin (100 units/mL; Sigma Aldrich, St-Louis, MO, USA) with 0.1% of DMSO (Sigma Aldrich, St-Louis, MO,USA) in the end.
Cells were exposed to different concentrations of the compounds when the cell index reached the value of 1.0. The concentrations tested for 1,4-NQ were 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µM. The concentrations for 2-OH-NQ, phthalic acid (PA) and phthaldialdehyde (OPA) were 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM.
The chemicals investigated in this study were 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), 2-hydroxy-1,4 naphthoquinone (2-OH-NQ), phthalic acid (PA) and phthaldialdehyde (OPA), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Quentin Fallavier, France). All chemicals were dissolved in DMSO and further diluted in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium with low glucose (1 g/L) containing 10% fetal calf serum (DMEM 10% FCS, PAA Laboratories, Toronto, ON, Canada) with the addition of streptomycin plus penicillin (100 units/mL; Sigma Aldrich, St-Louis, MO, USA) with 0.1% of DMSO (Sigma Aldrich, St-Louis, MO,USA) in the end.
Cells were exposed to different concentrations of the compounds when the cell index reached the value of 1.0. The concentrations tested for 1,4-NQ were 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µM. The concentrations for 2-OH-NQ, phthalic acid (PA) and phthaldialdehyde (OPA) were 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM.