Turbiscan Lab ® (Formulaction, France) was used to determine the physical solution stability of SAHNs and ISHNs in an aqueous solution in this study. Transmission light for a clear liquid was used. These solution samples were prepared in a 20 mL glass vial (a height of 30 mm) for Turbiscan Lab ® equipment. The signal value was obtained every 40 μm throughout the sample. The characteristic analysis of the aggregation behavior was monitored by the measurement of backscattered monochromatic light (λ = 880 nm) by using a Turbiscan Lab ® (Formulaction, Toulouse, France) in an aqueous system. The samples were placed in cylindrical glass tubes of at-bottomed (27.5 mm external diameter, 70 mm height) within placed in the instrument and the backscattered light from the solutions, including SAHNs and ISHNs, was measured at 25°C periodically along the length of the tube.
Turbiscan lab
Manufactured by Microtrac
Sourced in France
The Turbiscan Lab is a laboratory instrument used for the analysis of particle size, concentration, and stability in dispersed systems, such as emulsions, suspensions, and foams. It utilizes an optical scanning technique to measure the backscattering and transmission of light through the sample, providing detailed information about the sample's properties without the need for dilution or sample preparation.
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40 protocols using turbiscan lab
1
Turbiscan Analysis of Nanoparticle Stability
2
Quantitative Analysis of Emulsion Concentration using Nephelometric Method
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The nephelometric method allows to define the dispersions concentration measuring the intensity of the scattered light by an optical analyser TurbiscanTM LAB (Formulaction, France). The application of this method for the quantitative analysis of emulsions concentration was discussed in the publications of Lemarchand et al. (2003) and Shtyka et al. (2016) [10 , 37 (link)]. In the current research work, the distribution of inner phase droplets in the obtained emulsions was measured by means of an analysis of their microscopic images (microscope Leica DMI3000B, camera Lumenera Infinity1).
The viscosity value was obtained using a shear rheometer Bohlin CVO-120 (Malvern Instruments, UK). Measurement of surface tension was performed by a ring pulling method, using a tensiometer KRÜSS K12 (KRÜSS GmbH, Germany). In order to ensure the repeatability and validity of the results, each measurement was performed three times. The experiments were conducted at the temperature of 23 ±1°C and atmospheric pressure.
The viscosity value was obtained using a shear rheometer Bohlin CVO-120 (Malvern Instruments, UK). Measurement of surface tension was performed by a ring pulling method, using a tensiometer KRÜSS K12 (KRÜSS GmbH, Germany). In order to ensure the repeatability and validity of the results, each measurement was performed three times. The experiments were conducted at the temperature of 23 ±1°C and atmospheric pressure.
3
Evaluating SLN Suspension Stability
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The stability and optical interactions of the SLN suspension on the first and last day of stability analysis were evaluated using the TurbiscanTM LAB (Formulaction, L’Union, France). Briefly, about 20 mL of CLF-SLN and CLPF-SLN suspensions were aliquot and introduced into specified sample holders and evaluated at fixed intervals (6 min) over 1 h duration at 25 ± 0.5 °C. The instrument was equipped with two detectors, the backscattering and transmission detectors, which are positioned at 54° and 180°, respectively. Moreover, the device was fixed with a pulsed near infra-redlight source, which travels along the sample collecting data vertically at 40 μm-intervals. The transmission detector revealed the light that was transmitted via the suspended SLN formulation, while the backscattering detector exposed the light that was recovered/rebounded by the suspended SLN formulation. The delineated SLN formulation stability was obtained from TurbiscanTM LAB through the measurements of the changes in backscatter (∆BS).
4
Evaluating PNP Storage Stability
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The storage stability of PNPs prepared at optimal condition was evaluated using a Turbiscan Lab (Formulaction, France). The samples prepared on days 0, 7, and 14 were transferred to a cylindrical glass cell and then scanned every 1 min for 60 min at 25°C, and the change in backscattered light intensity in unit time was taken as a measure of the stability (20 (link)).
5
Measuring Emulsion Stability using Turbiscan
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The physical stability of the emulsion was characterized by instrumental multi-light scattering (MLS) (Turbiscan LAB, Formulaction, Toulouse, France). By measuring the relationship between the backscatter and altitude of near-infrared light, microscopic instability phenomena such as aggregation and flocculation of emulsion during storage are further monitored [23 (link)]. The whole process of measurement is maintained at 25 °C and each sample is scanned at 30 s intervals from top to bottom for 30 min. The Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) was calculated by Turbisoft 2.1 software.
6
Nanocapsule Stability Evaluation via Turbiscan
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The nanocapsule suspensions were evaluated by multiple light scattering (Turbiscan Lab®; Formulaction, L’Union, France) immediately after preparation. This technique allows the observation of the phenomena of physical instability, such as sedimentation, creaming, coalescence, and flocculation. Each formulation (20 mL) was scanned from the bottom to the top of the glass cell (25 mm diameter, 55 mm height) at time intervals of 5 minutes over 60 minutes at 25°C.26
7
Suspension Stability Monitoring with Turbidimetry
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Sedimentation profiles of suspensions with different molar ratios of components were recorded with a scanning turbidimeter Turbiscan LAB (Formulaction, Toulouse, France) using near-infrared LED emitting 880 nm wavelengths. The transmittance values were scanned vertically along the sample vial with a moving detector. The Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) was calculated as follows:
where TSIt is the index value at time t; transmission0(h) is the initial light transmission signal at the height h; transmissiont(h) is the light transmission signal at the height h and at time t; H is the total number of heights at which measurements were made.
where TSIt is the index value at time t; transmission0(h) is the initial light transmission signal at the height h; transmissiont(h) is the light transmission signal at the height h and at time t; H is the total number of heights at which measurements were made.
8
Emulsion Stability Evaluation
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Emulsion stability was determined with TurbiscanLAB (Formulaction, Toulouse, France). Cylindrical glass tubes with 5 mL of each emulsion were introduced in the reader. The system was programmed to measure the intensity of transmitted and back-scattered light over the whole tube height at t = 0 h and t = 7 h. Samples were stored at room temperature between measurements. The percentage of back-scattered light at 40 mm in the tube at t = 0 h was compared to that at t = 7 h.
9
Evaluating Mixture Stability with Turbiscan
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The stability of the mixtures was qualitatively determined by a Turbiscan Lab (Formulaction, Toulouse, France) where a near-infrared LED (λair = 880 nm) was used as the light source. The equipment measured two components: (i) the light transmitted through the mixture and (ii) the light backscattered by the mixture, at regular intervals over the height of the sample (30 mm). A clear cylindrical glass cell was used to contain the sample (4 mL) immediately after the sample was prepared, and data were collected every 30 s for 24 h at 20 °C. The Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) is a relative number that evaluates the stability of the mixtures, calculated by the software TurbiSoft-Lab version 2.3 (Formulaction, Toulouse, France) by combining all variations from the backscattering and transmission data over the entire height of the sample measured. The TSI values are reported as the mean of two readings.
10
Evaluating Physical Stability of Nanoparticles
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The physical stability of the FB-PεCL-NPs suspension was assessed after 1 day, 7 days, 15 days, 21 days, and 30 days of storage at 4°C in a TurbiScanLab® (Formulaction, L’Union, France). This instrument is able to detect destabilization, without dilution of the sample, much earlier than the operator’s naked eye.5 (link),7 Each formulation (15 mL) was placed in a cylindrical glass measuring cell that was completely scanned by a pulsed near-infrared light source (λ=880 nm) with two synchronous optical detectors. The transmission detector (T) receives the light transmitted through the sample (0° from the incident radiation) and the backscattering (BS) detector receives the light backscattered by the sample (135° from the incident radiation) every 40 µm at 25°C for a period of 60 minutes.
In this study, only BS profile was used to evaluate physical stability of FB-PεCL-NPs due to the opacity of the formulations. The obtained profile characterizes the sample’s stability (no variation of BS and T), particle migration (local peaks of variation of BS or T), and particle size variation (global variation of BS or T on the whole height). If the BS profiles have a deviation of ≤±2%, it can be considered that there are no significant variations in particle size. Variations more than ±10% indicate unstable formulations.22 (link)
In this study, only BS profile was used to evaluate physical stability of FB-PεCL-NPs due to the opacity of the formulations. The obtained profile characterizes the sample’s stability (no variation of BS and T), particle migration (local peaks of variation of BS or T), and particle size variation (global variation of BS or T on the whole height). If the BS profiles have a deviation of ≤±2%, it can be considered that there are no significant variations in particle size. Variations more than ±10% indicate unstable formulations.22 (link)
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