Dibenzoylmethane dbm

Plant extracts: rosemary extract from Rosmarinus officinalis (standardized to 6% carnosol; 15% carnosic acid) was obtained from Flavex (Rehlingen, Germany), ashwagandha extract from Withania somnifera (standardized to 2% withaferin A) was obtained from Verdure Sciences (Noblesville, IN, USA), ginger extract from Zingiber officinalis (standardized to 20% gingerols) was obtained from Flavex (Rehlingen, Germany), and luteolin (standardized to 98% luteolin, from Sophora japonica) was obtained from Jiaherb (Pine Brook, NJ, USA). For making PB125 solutions, the rosemary, ashwagandha, and luteolin powders were mixed at a 15:5:2 ratio by mass, then extracted at 50 mg of mixed powder per mL in ethanol overnight and the supernatant isolated. For gene expression comparisons a similar composition, PB123, containing rosemary, ginger, and luteolin was prepared at a 10:5:1 ratio [81 ]. Dibenzoylmethane (DBM) was obtained from Sigma (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Protandim^® (LifeVantage, Sandy, UT, USA) was extracted and analyzed as previously described [82 (link)]. Cell culture: media and antibiotics were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).