The disk diffusion was performed, and after 16–18 hours of incubation at 37°C, zone of inhibition was measured and interpreted as recommended by the CLSI.11 Using a sterile wire loop, three to five pure colonies were picked from MacConkey agar and emulsified in nutrient broth. Standard inoculums adjusted to 0.5 McFarland using McFarland Densitometer were swabbed onto Muller-Hinton agar (dispensed on 100 mm plate). Drug susceptibility testing of all Enterobacteriaceae was performed using disk diffusion method against amoxicillin (30 µg, BD), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 µg, BD), chloramphenicol (30 µg, BD), gentamicin (10 µg, BD), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (1.25 µg, BD), cefotaxime (30 µg, BD), cefoxitin (30 µg, Oxoid), tetracycline (30 µg, BD), nitrofurantoin (300 µg, BD), norfloxacin (5 µg, BD), imipenem (10 µg, Oxoid), and meropenem (10 µg, Oxoid). In this study, multidrug resistance was defined as simultaneous resistance to two or more drugs of different classes of antimicrobial agents.
Norfloxacin
Manufactured by BD
Sourced in United States
Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobial drugs. It is primarily used as a laboratory reagent for research purposes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Gentamicin, by BD (5 mentions)
Tetracycline, by BD (4 mentions)
Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, by BD (3 mentions)
Ciprofloxacin, by BD (3 mentions)
Cefotaxime, by BD (2 mentions)
Chloramphenicol, by BD (2 mentions)
Amoxicillin, by BD (2 mentions)
Streptomycin, by BD (2 mentions)
Ofloxacin, by BD (2 mentions)
Nalidixic acid, by BD (2 mentions)
Imipenem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Meropenem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Nitrofurantoin, by BD (1 mentions)
Cefoxitin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, by BD (1 mentions)
Erythromycin, by BD (1 mentions)
Rifampicin, by BD (1 mentions)
Fusidic acid, by BD (1 mentions)
Cefoxitin, by BD (1 mentions)
Mueller hinton 2 agar, by BD (1 mentions)
5 protocols using norfloxacin
1
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Enterobacteriaceae
2
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of S. aureus
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S. aureus isolates obtained at C1 and C2 were suspended in sterile saline to 0.5 McFarland. Susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller-Hinton II agar 3.8% w/v (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD, USA) using the standardized disk diffusion method in accordance with the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (www.eucast.org ) guidelines for the following antibiotics: cefoxitin (30 µg), fusidic acid (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), clindamycin (2 µg), rifampicin (5 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and norfloxacin (10 µg). All disks were from Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK.
3
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling
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Twenty antibiotic agents (Hangzhou Binhe Microorganism Reagent Co., Ltd) were used, including cefotazime (30 µg), cephradine (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), amox-icillin (20 µg) and ampicillin (10 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), enrofloxacin (10 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg), spectinomycin (100 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), amikacin (30 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), doxycycline (30 µg), lincomycin (30 µg), azithromycin (15 µg), polymyxin B (300 µg) and trimethoprim (23.75/1.25 µg).
Each purified isolates of tested bacteria were evenly spread onto a tryptic soy agar plate (TSA, BD TM , USA) that had been coated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide liquid (NAD, Guangzhou Saiguo Biotech, China) and bovine serum (Zhejiang Tianhang Biotechnology, China). The antimicrobial discs were placed onto the surface of the agar. The plates were then incubated at 37 o C for about 24 h. The inhibition zone diameter was measured and compared with standardized CLSI interpretive criteria to designate the isolate as sensitive, intermediate or resistant to the drug (CLSI, 2018) . In this study, the isolates that showed intermediate were classified as resistant.
Each purified isolates of tested bacteria were evenly spread onto a tryptic soy agar plate (TSA, BD TM , USA) that had been coated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide liquid (NAD, Guangzhou Saiguo Biotech, China) and bovine serum (Zhejiang Tianhang Biotechnology, China). The antimicrobial discs were placed onto the surface of the agar. The plates were then incubated at 37 o C for about 24 h. The inhibition zone diameter was measured and compared with standardized CLSI interpretive criteria to designate the isolate as sensitive, intermediate or resistant to the drug (CLSI, 2018) . In this study, the isolates that showed intermediate were classified as resistant.
4
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Virulent Isolates
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All isolates possessing at least 1 virulence gene as determined by multiplex and simplex PCR were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method [22 (link)] for the following antimicrobials: ampicillin (AMP, 10μg), azithromycin (AZM, 15μg), cefotaxime (CTX, 30 μg), ceftazidime (CAZ, 30μg), ceftriaxone (CRO, 30μg), chloramphenicol (CHL, 30μg), ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 μg), gentamicin (GEN, 10 μg), meropenem (MEM, 10μg), nalidixic acid (NA, 30 μg), norfloxacin (NOR, 10 μg), ofloxacin (OFX, 5 μg), tetracycline (TET, 5μg), and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (SXT, 23.75/1.25 μg) [Becton Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD 21152 USA]. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as a quality control strain. The expression of the results as sensitive, intermediate and resistant was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines [23 ]. Multi drug resistance (MDR) was considered as bacterial resistance to 3 antibiotics belonging to at least 3 classes or families [24 (link)].
5
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella Isolates
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of the studied SE isolates was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using 11 antimicrobials, namely, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), cefotaxime (CTX), gentamicin (GEN), nalidixic acid (NAL), norfloxacin (NOR), streptomycin (STR), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and tetracycline (TET) (Becton-Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA). The results of inhibition zones were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines [17] .
Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922 was used as the quality control organism in the assays. For statistical analysis purposes, strains with intermediate interpretation were regarded as resistant. All comparisons and associations were analysed using Chi square test with significant level at P value < 0.001.
Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922 was used as the quality control organism in the assays. For statistical analysis purposes, strains with intermediate interpretation were regarded as resistant. All comparisons and associations were analysed using Chi square test with significant level at P value < 0.001.
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