Insulin was quantified by a sandwich-immunoassay (ADVIA Centaur, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Vienna, Austria) with an analytical sensitivity of 0.5 mU/L, intra-assay CVs of 3.3–4.6% and inter-assay CVs of 2.6–5.9%. All assays were carried out following the instructions of the manufacturer. HOMA-IR was calculated as [glucose*insulin]/22.5 mmol/L*UI/mL.
Total cholesterol (cord blood only) and triglycerides, were measured using colorimetric enzymatic assays using reagents from DiaSys Diagnostic Systems (Holzheim, Germany) and were calibrated using secondary standards from Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany). HDL-C was measured with a homogenous assay from DiaSys Diagnostics, and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated according to the Friedewald formula (LDL-C = TC − HDL-C − TG/5). Non-esterified fatty acids (FFAs) were quantified using an enzymatic reagent and standards from Wako Chemicals (Neuss, Germany). All lipid analyses were performed on an Olympus AU640 automatic analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA).