Six female pigs with a mean body weight of 58.0 kg (range: 55–68 kg) were included in this study after approval from the state committee on animal affairs (LaAGeSo IC 113-A-0137/91) and the institutional review board of the University Erlangen. Anesthesia was induced by an intramuscular injection of 30 mg/kg body weight ketamine (Ketavet 10%; Pharmacia, Karlsruhe, Germany), 2 mg/kg azaperonum (Stresnil; Janssen-Cilag, Neuss, Germany), and 1 mg of atropine (Atropinum SULF 0.5 mg; Eifelfango, Bad Neuennahr-Ahrweiler, Germany). An 18G venous access was established bilaterally in an ear vein. After intravenous application of 1.4 mg/kg propofol (Propofol-ratiopharm; Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany), the animals were orally intubated (Roesch tube 6.0; Teleflex Medical, Kernen, Germany) and mechanically ventilated with an oxygen-air-mixture using an anesthesia workstation (Fabius CE; Draeger Medical, Luebeck, Germany). Anesthesia was continued during the entire experiment by an intravenous propofol infusion of 20 mg/kg/h. Oxygenation, and the heart rate were continuously monitored (Infinity Delta; Draeger Medical, Luebeck, Germany).
Propofol
Manufactured by Ratiopharm
Sourced in Germany
Propofol-ratiopharm is a pharmaceutical product containing the active ingredient propofol. Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, as well as for sedation. The product is available in various concentrations and package sizes to meet the needs of healthcare professionals.
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4 protocols using propofol
1
Anesthesia Induction in Female Pigs
2
Minipig MRI under General Anesthesia
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Six Göttingen minipigs (2 females, 4 males, 27.8 ± 3.6 kg body weight) were examined in a 1.5-T clinical whole-body MRI. The animals were handled in compliance with the German animal welfare legislation and approval of the state animal welfare committee. All studies were performed under general anesthetic induced with ketamine, 30 mg/kg body weight intramuscular (Pharmacia, Karlsruhe, Germany); azaperone, 2 mg/kg body weight intramuscular (Stresnil; Janssen-Cilag, Neuss, Germany); and atropine, 0.025 mg/kg body weight (Eifelfango Chem.-Pharm. Werke, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany). After intravenous application of 1.4 mg/kg propofol (Propofol-ratiopharm; Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany), the animals were orally intubated (Roesch tube 6.0; Teleflex Medical, Kernen, Germany) and mechanically ventilated with an oxygen-air-mixture using an anesthesia workstation (Servo Ventilator 900C; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Anesthesia was maintained by intravenous injection with propofol (0.8 mg/kg/h). Animals were placed in a prone position, and the heart rate was monitored before each contrast administration. Test bolus and MRA imaging was performed during end-expiratory breath hold.
3
Anesthesia Protocol for Animal Study
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After fasting for 12 h (with free access to water), animals were premedicated by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of azaperon (2 mg/kg b.w., Elanco, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany) and ketamine (15 mg/kg b.w., WDT eG, Garbsen, Germany). After the first venous access was established by cannulation of an ear vein, propofol (3 mg/kg b.w., Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany) was used to initiate anesthesia, followed by endotracheal intubation. Maintenance of anesthesia was conducted using isoflurane (1.5 vol%, Baxter, Deerfield, IL, USA). Analgesia was ensured by continuous perfusion of fentanyl (0.005 mg/kg b.w., Rotexmedica, Trittau, Germany). Next, a central venous access catheter was placed in the right internal jugular vein and tunneled to the upper neck. Thirty minutes before incision, all animals received a single dose of i.v. antibiotic prophylaxis (Enrofloxacin, 5 mg/kg b.w., Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). Animals were monitored by means of pulse, blood pressure, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels, as well as body temperature (rectal probe) and intermittent blood gas analysis.
4
Multimodal Imaging of Minipigs
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Goettingen minipigs (7 female, age 32.1 ± 6.1 months, 33.4 ± 4.5 kg body weight) were examined on a 3 T clinical wholebody MRI scanner (protocol B). The animals were handled in compliance with the German animal welfare legislation and with the approval of the state animal welfare committee. All animals were investigated under general anesthesia induced with ketamine, 30 mg/kg body weight i. m. (Pharmacia, Karlsruhe, Germany), azaperone, 2 mg/kg body weight i. m. (Stresnil, Janssen-Cilag, Neuss, Germany) and atropine, 0.025 mg/kg body weight (Eifelfango Chem.-Pharm. Werke, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany). Anesthesia was maintained by intravenous injection with propofol, 0.8 mg/kg (Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany). Animals were placed in a prone position and the electrocardiograms and oxygen saturations were monitored. For dCT and 4D-MRA, end-expiratory breath-holds were used. CAs were administered intravenously into an ear vein using a 20-gauge access and a power injector (Medrad Spectris Solaris, Bayer US, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).
Weight, size, cardiac output, ECG and oxygen saturation and anesthesia-related complications were recorded and analyzed to rule out parameters that may influence CA bolus profiles.
Weight, size, cardiac output, ECG and oxygen saturation and anesthesia-related complications were recorded and analyzed to rule out parameters that may influence CA bolus profiles.
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