Ced micro 1401 3

Cell‐attached recordings were obtained with blind patch‐clamp recording. Electrodes (˜7 MOhm) were pulled from filamented, thin‐walled, borosilicate glass (outer diameter, 1.5 mm; inner diameter, 0.86 mm; Hilgenberg GmbH, Malsfeld, Germany) on a vertical two‐stage puller (PC‐12, Narishige, EastMeadow, NY). The electrodes were filled with internal solution containing the following: 140 mM K‐gluconate, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM Na₂‐phosphocreatine, and 0.5 mM EGTA, adjusted to pH 7.25 with KOH. The electrode was inserted at a 45 degrees angle and reached a depth of 300 µm. The electrode positioning was targeted on the brain surface, positioned at 1.6–2 mm posterior to the bregma and 4 mm lateral to the midline. While positioning the electrode, an increase of the pipette resistance to 10–200 MOhm resulted in most cases in the appearance of action potentials (spikes). The detection of a single spike was the criteria to start the recording. All recordings were acquired with an intracellular amplifier in current clamp mode (Multiclamp 700B, Molecular Devices), acquired at 10 kHz (CED Micro 1401‐3, Cambridge Electronic Design Limited) and filtered with a high pass filter. For calculation of the average firing rate, the firing rate over a 4‐min recording period was calculated for each of the recorded cells.

Data acquisition was performed as described in Pethick et al. (2019 (link)). The isokinetic dynamometer, stimulator and EMG were connected via BNC cables to a Biopac MP150 (Biopac Systems Inc., California, USA) and a CED Micro 1401-3 (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK) interfaced with a personal computer. These data were sampled at 1 kHz and collected in Spike2 (Version 7; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). The NIRS data were sampled at 10 Hz and collected in OxySoft (Artinis Medical Systems, Netherlands).
A chart containing the instantaneous torque was projected onto a screen placed ~ 1 m in front of the participant. A scale consisting of a thin line (1 mm thick) was superimposed on the torque chart and acted as a target, so that participants were able to match their instantaneous torque output to the target torque during each visit.

Data acquisition was performed in a similar manner as described in Pethick et al. (2015). Briefly, the isokinetic dynamometer, stimulator and EMG were connected via BNC cables to a Biopac MP150 (Biopac Systems Inc., California, USA) and a CED Micro 1401‐3 (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK) interfaced with a personal computer. These data were sampled at 1 kHz and collected in Spike2 (Version 7; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). The NIRS data were sampled at 10 Hz and collected in OxySoft (Artinis Medical Systems, Netherlands).
A chart containing the instantaneous torque was projected onto a screen placed ~ 1 m in front of the participant. A scale consisting of a thin line (1 mm thick) was superimposed on the torque chart and acted as a target, so that participants were able to match their instantaneous torque output to the target torque during each visit.