The compounds 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox), acetonitrile, formic acid, pepsin (3,200–4,500 units/mg protein), pancreatin (8× USP), and bile salts were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetone, NaHSO3, anhydrous glucose, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, and potassium phosphate were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland). acetonitrile LC‐MS came from POCh (Gliwice, Poland), fructose from Biofan (Piekary Slaskie, Poland), sodium chloride and potassium chloride from STANLAB (Lublin, Poland). Daidzin and genistin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
Sodium citrate
Manufactured by Chempur
Sourced in Poland
Sodium citrate is a chemical compound with the formula Na3C6H5O7. It is a white, crystalline, water-soluble salt that is commonly used as a buffer and chelating agent in various laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Bile salt, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by EKF Diagnostics (2 mentions)
Nahso3, by Chempur (2 mentions)
Daidzin, by Extrasynthese (2 mentions)
Acetone, by Chempur (2 mentions)
Anhydrous glucose, by Chempur (2 mentions)
Sodium benzoate, by Chempur (2 mentions)
Potassium phosphate, by Chempur (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by EKF Diagnostics (2 mentions)
Genistin, by Extrasynthese (2 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 2 azino bis, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid trolox, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pepsin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pancreatin 8 usp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium citrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Chempur (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Honeywell (1 mentions)
4 protocols using sodium citrate
1
Antioxidant Activity Evaluation Protocol
2
In Vitro Digestion and Antioxidant Assays
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The compounds 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), formic acid, acetonitrile, pancreatin (8 × USP), pepsin (3200–4500 units/mg protein) and bile salts were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetone, anhydrous glucose, NaHSO3, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, and potassium phosphate were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland). acetonitrile LC-MS came from POCh (Gliwice, Poland), fructose from Biofan (Piekary Slaskie, Poland), potassium chloride and sodium chloride from STANLAB (Lublin, Poland). Daidzin and genistin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Inulin Orafti HPX (DP ≥ 23) was purchased from HORTIMEX PLUS (Konin, Poland). Maltodextrin (8 DE) came from the Department of Food Storage and Technology of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences.
3
Synthesis of 30 nm Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles
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Gold nanoparticles (AuNps) with a diameter of 30 nm were synthesized in a chemical reaction involving a reduction of tetrachloroauric (III) acid (Thermo Fisher) using sodium citrate (Chempur). Before starting the reaction, the laboratory glassware was cleaned chemically using aqua regia solution of 3 parts hydrochloric acid (Chempur) to 1 part nitric (V) acid (Chempur). Production of gold nanoparticles was carried out according to Zhang et al’s procedure [53 ].
To synthesize the nanoparticles, the 0.01% tetrachloroauric (III) acid solution (Thermo Fisher) was brought to a boil. Then, 1 mL of 1% sodium citrate (Merck) was added and boiled for another 10 min with constant, vigorous stirring. The color of the solution changed from yellow through gray to an intense burgundy color during the reaction. To prevent excessive evaporation, the reactions were completed using Graham condenser. After the reaction finished, the solution was cooled down to room temperature. Next, 100 mL of gold nanoparticle solution was prepared and subjected to UV-VIS and dynamic light scattering analysis in five replicates to determine their size and to estimate the properties of the colloid system (monodispersity). As a result, 100 mL of stable monodisperse gold nanoparticle solution with a diameter of 30 nm was obtained.
To synthesize the nanoparticles, the 0.01% tetrachloroauric (III) acid solution (Thermo Fisher) was brought to a boil. Then, 1 mL of 1% sodium citrate (Merck) was added and boiled for another 10 min with constant, vigorous stirring. The color of the solution changed from yellow through gray to an intense burgundy color during the reaction. To prevent excessive evaporation, the reactions were completed using Graham condenser. After the reaction finished, the solution was cooled down to room temperature. Next, 100 mL of gold nanoparticle solution was prepared and subjected to UV-VIS and dynamic light scattering analysis in five replicates to determine their size and to estimate the properties of the colloid system (monodispersity). As a result, 100 mL of stable monodisperse gold nanoparticle solution with a diameter of 30 nm was obtained.
4
Quantification of Penthiopyrad in Apples
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The analysis of penthiopyrad in apples was conducted using the method based on the European Norm [55 ]. Briefly, 10 mL of acetonitrile were added to 50 mL polypropylene tubes containing 10 g of the analytical sample and shaken vigorously for 1 min (BenchMixerTM, Benchmark Scientific, Inc., Edison, NJ, USA). Buffer salts containing 4 g MgSO4 (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), 1 g NaCl (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA), 1 g sodium citrate (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), and 0.5 g disodium citrate sesquihydrate (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) were added and shaken vigorously again for 1 min (BenchMixerTM, Benchmark Scientific, Inc., Edison, NJ, USA). The contents of the tube were centrifuged at 3500 rpm (MPW-350R, MPW MED. INSTRUMENTS, Warsaw, Poland) for 5 min. Then, 5 mL of organic layer were transferred to a 15-mL polypropylene centrifuge tube containing clean-up sorbent consisting of 150 mg of PSA (Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA, USA) and 900 mg MgSO4 (Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland). The contents of the tube were shaken for 1 min and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min. 750 µL of the purified extract were evaporated under a stream of nitrogen to dryness, then the dry residue was dissolved in 750 µL of petroleum ether, and 100 mL of TPP internal standard were added. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass detection.
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