3 hydrobenzoic acid

Analytical, HPLC and LCMS-grade chemicals were used in this study. Gallic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, vanillin, L-ascorbic acid, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (Fe[III]Cl₃•6H₂O), sodium phosphate dibasic hepta-hydrate (Na₂HPO₄•7H₂O), hexahydrate aluminium chloride sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (Na₂HPO₄•H₂O), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), hydrochloric acid (HCl), ferrozine, hydrated sodium acetate, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), potassium ferrocyanide (III), iron (II) and iron (III) chloride, 3-hydrobenzoic acid (C₇H₆O₃), ammonium molybdate, iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate, catechin, quercetin, DPPH, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) and ABTS were purchased from the Sigma Aldrich (Castle Hill, Australia) for the estimation of polyphenols and antioxidant potential. Hydrogen peroxide (30%) and Sodium carbonate anhydrous were purchased from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd. (Adelaide, Australia) and 98% sulfuric acid was purchased from RCI Labscan (Rongmuang, Thailand). HPLC and LC-MS grade reagents include ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, formic acid, glacial acetic acid and iron (III) chloride anhydrous were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Scoresby, Australia). HPLC standards were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich.

In all experiments, only analytical-grade chemicals were used. Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) provided the chemicals for the characterization and identification of compounds. Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, hydrated sodium acetate, vanillin, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, trichloroacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ammonium molybdate, catechin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), potassium ferrocyanide (III), 2,4,6 tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 3-hydrobenzoic acid, and quercetin were purchased from the Sigma Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia) for the estimation of polyphenols and antioxidant capability.