abdomen. To measure albumin, urine samples were diluted with sample buffer containing 2%
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, 10% glycerol, 60 mM Tris-HCL (pH 6.8)
and bromophenol blue, and heated at 95°C for 5 min. Samples containing 1
µl of urine were applied to 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
As a positive control, 5 µg of bovine serum albumin was loaded
simultaneously. The gel was fixed and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB; Nacalai
Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) according to manufacturer’s instructions, and scanned using a
standard commercial scanner. CBB-stained band corresponding to urinary albumin was
quantified using the ImageJ gel analysis program (http://imagej.net/). Urinary creatinine
was measured using a creatinine colorimetric assay kit (Cayman chemical, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. The urinary albumin excretion was
normalized against the urinary creatinine. Urine collection was performed twice over a
three-day period, and the measured urinary albumin excretion was averaged for each
mouse.