Imiquimod and Azone were obtained from Chemos GmbH (Regenstauf, Germany). Jojoba wax, polysorbate 80, polyacrylic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate trihydrate, and glacial acetic acid were supplied by Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Trifluoric acid was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetonitrile and ethanol, both HPLC grade, were obtained from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany). Officinal cremor basalis according to DAC was obtained from Caesar and Loretz GmbH (Hilden, Germany).
Glacial acetic acid
Manufactured by Carl Roth
Sourced in Germany
Glacial acetic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is a concentrated form of acetic acid, containing a minimum of 99.7% acetic acid. Glacial acetic acid is commonly used as a laboratory reagent, solvent, and in various industrial applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium acetate trihydrate, by Carl Roth (4 mentions)
Ethanol, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Rutin trihydrate, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Potassium persulfate, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Gallic acid monohydrate, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu phenol reagent, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trolox, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
L ascorbic acid, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Rpmi 1640 medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Trifluoric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Xylol, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Citric acid, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Eosin g, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Hematoxylin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Neutral red, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
12 protocols using glacial acetic acid
1
Topical Formulation Development and Characterization
2
Histological Tissue Staining Protocol
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For dewaxing and rehydration sections were passed through xylol (#9713.3, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and decreasing concentrations of EtOH (#200-678-6; Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) until the solution evenly flowed across the slide. Staining with Mayer´s hematoxylin solution consisting of 0.1% hematoxylin (#1.04302.0100, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 0.02% sodium iodate (#6525; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 5% potassium aluminum sulfate (#8896.1; Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), 5% chloralhydrate (#K318.1; Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and 0.1% citric acid (#3958.1; Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) for 1 min was followed by blueing in running tap water for 3 min. Slides were incubated in eosin solution consisting of 10% Eosin G (#7089.2, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and 2 drops of glacial acetic acid (#3738.1; Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) in 70% EtOH (#200-678-6, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) for 30 s and subsequently rinsed in ddH2O before mounting.
3
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Flavonoids
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Cytotoxicity was determined via the neutral red assay [28 (link), 29 (link)]. Hek-293 cells were seeded in 24-well plates (Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany) at a density of 120,000 cells/well, precultured for 24 h, and treated with the flavonoids, ascorbic acid, or α-tocopherol at concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 μM for 24 h in 10% serum-containing DMEM. Then, the culture medium containing the test substances was replaced with fresh serum-containing medium including 50 μg/mL of neutral red (Carl Roth). After incubation for 3 h, the medium was removed and the cells were extracted using a solution comprising 50 : 49 : 1 (v/v/v) ethanol, water, and glacial acetic acid (Carl Roth). The absorbance was measured in a plate reader (Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland) at 540 nm. Based on these toxicity tests, we chose the highest nontoxic concentration of the most toxic compound for the luciferase assays (20 μM for the flavonoids).
4
Sulfite Pulp and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Modifications
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Sulfite pulp (DP W ¼ 1300) was received from Lenzing (Lenzing, Austria), cotten linters (DP W ¼ 6000) was received from Milouban (Ashrat, Israel). Carboxymethyl chitosan (DS ¼ 1, DD ¼ 94:2%, M w ¼ 83:2 kDa) was purchased from Heppe Medical Chitosan GmbH (Halle (Saale), Germany). Ethanol 99.5% denatured was purchased from Gru ¨ssing (Filsum, Germany), chlorosulfuric acid for synthesis and KH 2 PO 4 p.a. from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), hydroxylammonium chloride technical was purchased from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany). Dimethylformamide (DMF) 99% and sodium periodate ! 99:0% were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Munich, Germany), ethylene glycol ! 99:5% p.a., glacial acetic acid, potassium chloride ! 99%, Na 2 HPO 4 Á 2 H 2 O ! 99:5% p. a., sodium chloride ! 99:9% CELLPURE â , sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate trihydrate were obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). DMF was dried over molecular sieve with a pore size of 3 A ˚. All other reagents were used without further purification. All aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized water. Dialysis membranes from Spectra/Por â had a molecular weight cut off of 100 Da to 500 Da and of 3.5 kDa.
Sulfation and oxidation were conducted like described before (Stra ¨tz et al. 2019) .
Sulfation and oxidation were conducted like described before (Stra ¨tz et al. 2019) .
5
Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Vancomycin Delivery
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Chitosan (degree of deacetylation 90%, viscosity 500 mPa·s, Mw 200–400 kDa) was purchased from Heppe Medical Chitosan GmbH (Halle, Germany). Glacial acetic acid (100% purity) and ethanol (99.8% purity) were obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany) and CO2 (purity > 99.5%) was supplied from Praxair (Ratingen, Germany). NaCl and NH3 (25% in H2O) were from PanReac AppliChem (Barcelona, Spain). Triton X-100 was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Vancomycin hydrochloride (Mw 1486 g/mol, 94.3% purity, amorphous) was from Guinama (Valencia, Spain). BALB/3T3 clone A31 mouse fibroblasts (ATCC CCL-163) and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and penicillin 10,000 U/mL-streptomycin 10 mg/mL, NaOH and HCl 37% were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). WST-1 reactive was purchased from Roche (Basel, Switzerland).
6
Antioxidant Capacity Assay Reagents
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ABTS●+ (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) (≥ 98%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), DPPH● (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical (95%) and Trolox® (97%) were obtained from Thermo Fisher (Kandel, Germany). Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol (MeOH; HPLC grade), acetonitrile (ACN; HPLC grade), glacial acetic acid (100%, p.a.), sodium acetate trihydrate (≥ 99.5% p.a.), gallic acid monohydrate (≥ 99%), potassium persulfate (≥ 99%), rutin trihydrate (working standard), chlorogenic acid (working standard), and L- (+)-ascorbic acid (working standard) were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Ultrapure water (H2O) was purified by arium® pro obtained from Satorius (Göttingen, Germany).
7
Sage Leaves Phytochemical Characterization
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Dried leaves of sage (moisture 2.87%, ash 6.03%, fat 10.1%, protein 5.84%, fiber 13.65% and total carbohydrate 61.51%) were obtained from a local market in Cairo, Egypt. The dried leaves were powdered using a mortar (total solids 97.13%).
Soy lecithin (69.3% phosphatidyl choline, 9.8% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and 2.1% lyso phosphatidylcholine) was provided by Lipoid AG (Ludwigshafen, Germany).
Sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH& Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany).
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, chitosan, Gallic acid and
Soy lecithin (69.3% phosphatidyl choline, 9.8% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and 2.1% lyso phosphatidylcholine) was provided by Lipoid AG (Ludwigshafen, Germany).
Sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH& Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany).
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, chitosan, Gallic acid and
8
Cytogenetic Assays Using Chemical Inhibitors
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Colcemid (L-6221, Biochrom AG) was used at 0.1 μg/ml to accumulate cells at metaphase (Stock: 10 μg/ml in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) w/o Ca++, Mg++). Calyculin A (C-3987, LC laboratories) was used at a concentration of 50–100 nM (Stock: 10 μM in DMSO; dimethyl sulfoxide) for induction of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) during the G2-phase of the cell cycle. Carnoy's fixative was prepared by mixing 3 parts methanol (Sigma Aldrich) and 1 part glacial acetic acid (Carl Roth GmbH & Co.) just before use. A total of 2.5 ml of ready-to-use Giemsa stain (Carl Roth GmbH & Co.) was diluted in 50 ml of Sorenson's buffer (10582–013, Gibco, Invitrogen) to stain metaphase chromosomes, or PCCs. Entellan (Merck) was used as mounting medium.
The Parp-1 inhibitor PJ34 (Calbiochem) was used at 5 μM final concentration. 8-(4-Dibenzothienyl)-2-(4-morpholinyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (NU7441, Tocris), a DNA-PKcs inhibitor, was dissolved in DMSO at 10 mM and was used at 5 μM final concentration. L82 (Lig1 inhibitor) and L67 (Lig1 and Lig3 inhibitor) (36 (link)) were purchased from Specs (The Netherlands) and used at 100 μM final concentration. Mirin (sc-203144, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Chemistry Department of Indianapolis University) was used at 300 and 500 μM for translocation and DSB end resection assays, respectively.
The Parp-1 inhibitor PJ34 (Calbiochem) was used at 5 μM final concentration. 8-(4-Dibenzothienyl)-2-(4-morpholinyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (NU7441, Tocris), a DNA-PKcs inhibitor, was dissolved in DMSO at 10 mM and was used at 5 μM final concentration. L82 (Lig1 inhibitor) and L67 (Lig1 and Lig3 inhibitor) (36 (link)) were purchased from Specs (The Netherlands) and used at 100 μM final concentration. Mirin (sc-203144, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Chemistry Department of Indianapolis University) was used at 300 and 500 μM for translocation and DSB end resection assays, respectively.
9
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining Protocol
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After deparaffination and dehydration, the slides were stained with Mayer‘s hemalum solution (Merck, USA) for three minutes and were differentiated under running tap water. Afterward, they were stained for 3 min with 0.5% Eosin G solution (Roth, Germany) enriched with glacial acetic acid (Roth, Germany).
10
Antioxidant Capacity Measurement Reagents
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ABTS•+ (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) (≥98%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), DPPH• (2,2-diphenyll-1-picryhydrazyl) radical (95%) and Trolox® (97%) were obtained from Thermo Fisher (Kandel, Germany). Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC grade methanol, acetonitrile (HPLC grade), glacial acetic acid (100%, p.a.), sodium acetate trihydrate (≥99.5% p.a.), potassium thiocyanate (≥98.5%, p.a., ACS), 2,2′-dipyridyl (≥95%), hydrochloric acid (≥25%, p.a., ISO), gallic acid monohydrate (≥99%), potassium persulfate (≥99%), rutin trihydrate (working standard), chlorogenic acid (working standard), L-(+)-ascorbic acid (working standard), sodium carbonate (≥99%), ferric ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate, and ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).
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