Model vertex 70

The analysis of SEM, AFM, and FTIR for chemically treated cells above was used to identify the potential functional groups and possible binding sites related to DBP binding. Firstly, SEM observation was performed by Hitachi S‐3400N II (Oriental Science and Technology Import and Export Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) to analyze the surface morphology and elementary compositions of chemically treated and untreated cells. Before analysis, all samples were freeze‐dried, coated with gold and fixed.
Secondly, the AFM images were obtained by using a Bruker (Multimode 8, Germany) microscope with a super‐high resolution scanner (scanning range in XY direction and Z direction ≤ 0.4 μm). The image acquisition was operated in tapping mode, room temperature, and the humidity of 50–60%. The automatic detection was carried in the smart needle entry mode using a Si₃N₄ probe, and the probe was mounted on a 200‐μm Olympus silicon cantilever, which had a 0.12 N/m of force spring constant.
Thirdly, to prepare for FTIR detection, KBr was added to the dry cells of LAB strain by the proportion of 1:100 and then ground to a powder and compressed into tablet form finally. The spectrum range was 4000–400 cm⁻¹ by using a Bruker (Model Vertex 70) FTIR spectrometer. All the experiments were performed in triplicate.

Simultaneous thermal analysis STA 449 F1 Jupiter by NETZSCH (Selb, Germany) was used to investigate the compositional analysis of multi-component materials or blends; thermal stabilities; oxidative stabilities; estimation of product lifetimes; decomposition kinetics; effects of reactive atmospheres on materials; filler content of materials; moisture and volatile content.
Particle size distribution was evaluated using a ZetaSizer Nano ZS analyzer (Malvern, UK), for the measurements of the particles size in the range of 1–8000 nm (by dynamic light scattering at an angle of 90°, using a He-Ne laser at λ = 633 nm) and zeta potential of the nanoparticles.
Scanning Electron Microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, EDAX Octane Elite) allows for complete, high-resolution morphological investigations of this type of material.
FTIR spectrometer, Model Vertex 70 by Bruker (Berlin, Germany) was used to determine the structure and molecular composition of the samples in spectral domain: mid IR (5000 ÷ 400 cm⁻¹), far IR (400 ÷ 50 cm⁻¹).

After 12 weeks of OT and treatment, the animals were sacrificed and their eyes stored at -40°C; thereafter, histological sections of 4-μm thickness were obtained by using a cryostat (Jaelsa, Madrid, Spain). For the histopathological study, the histological sections were immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with hematoxylin and eosin in order to be analyzed by a pathologist using brightfield microscopy (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany; Axioskop 2 plus). An FTIR spectrometer (model Vertex 70; Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was used for vibrational analysis, and each tissue section was placed directly onto the surface of the ATR crystal spectrometer.

The deteriorative processes of emulsion were also monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. The dried emulsion samples were ground into power to measure. The FT-IR spectroscopy of powers were recorded employing a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (Model VERTEX70, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) in the range of 4000–500 cm⁻¹ as a potassium bromide pellet technique. The monitor of deteriorative processes was realized by the ratio of the integral area of isocyanate group (-N=C=O) to the integral area of carbamate group (-NH-COO⁻).