Prep scale

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Prep/Scale is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is designed for the preparation and scaling of various materials and samples in a laboratory setting. The core function of Prep/Scale is to facilitate the controlled and accurate preparation of samples for analysis or further processing.

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Lab products found in correlation

Sabouraud dextrose agar, by HiMedia (1 mentions) Dextranase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

4 protocols using prep scale

Biofilm Formation of S. mutans and C. albicans

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Reference strains of S. mutans UA 159 (ATCC 700610, serotype c) and C. albicans CBS 562 were used.
A starter culture of S. mutans was prepared using ultrafiltered (10 kDa cutoff membrane; Prep/Scale; Millipore, MA) tryptone yeast extract (UFTYE, pH 7.0) supplemented with 1% (w/v) glucose, incubated at 37°C, 5% CO₂, overnight. This starter was used to prepare bacterial inoculum at midexponential growth phase for biofilm formation (OD_600 nm, 2 × 10⁶ CFU/mL) (adapted from da Cunha et al. [14 (link)]).
C. albicans was grown in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) (Himedia, Mumbai, India) supplemented with 50 mM glucose. Fifty millimeters of medium was inoculated with yeast colonies from Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (Himedia, Mumbai, India) plates, followed by incubation for 24 h at 37°C. Cells were harvested (1200 rpm, 10 minutes, 10°C), washed twice with 0.15 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2, Ca²⁺- and Mg²-free), resuspended in 40 mL of PBS, and read on spectrophotometer to have a concentration of 5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL (530 nm, λ = 0.08–0.1) (adapted from Kuhn et al. [15 (link)]).

Freires I.A., Bueno-Silva B., Galvão L.C., Duarte M.C., Sartoratto A., Figueira G.M., de Alencar S.M, & Rosalen P.L. (2015). The Effect of Essential Oils and Bioactive Fractions on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Biofilms: A Confocal Analysis. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2015, 871316.

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Multispecies Cariogenic Biofilm Inhibition

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Streptococcus mutans UA159 serotype c (ATCC 700610), Streptococcus gordonii DL-1 and Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 12104 were used in present study. The strains tested in this research were selected because S. mutans is a well-established virulent cariogenic bacteria [40 (link)]. S. gordonii is an early colonizer and considered an accessory pathogen (that could enhance virulence of periodontopathogens) [41 (link)]. A. naeslundii is also detected during the early stages of biofilm formation and may be associated with development of dental root caries [42 (link)]. All these strains were grown in ultra-filtered (10 kDa molecular-weight cut-off membrane; Prep/Scale, Millipore, MA) buffered tryptone-yeast extract broth (UFTYE; 2.5% tryptone and 1.5% yeast extract, pH 7.0) with 1% glucose to mid-exponential phase (37°C, 5% CO₂) prior to use. The EPS-degrading enzymes Dextranase and mutanase are capable of hydrolyzing α-1,6 glucosidic linkages and α-1,3 glucosidic linkages present in the EPS glucans derived from S. mutans [43 (link)]. Dextranase produced from Penicillium sp. was commercially purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and mutanase produced from Trichoderma harzianum was kindly provided by Dr. William H. Bowen (Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center).

Liu Y., Kamesh A.C., Xiao Y., Sun V., Hayes M., Daniell H, & Koo H. (2016). Topical delivery of low-cost protein drug candidates made in chloroplasts for biofilm disruption and uptake by oral epithelial cells. Biomaterials, 105, 156-166.

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Microbial Biofilm Co-culture Protocol

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Streptococcus mutans UA159 serotype c (ATCC 700610), a well-characterized biofilm-forming organism, or a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing S. mutans strain (LDH-gfp; gift from Justin Merritt, Oregon Health & Science University) was used for single or mixed-species biofilm experiments with Streptococcus oralis or Candida albicans. S. oralis J22⁶⁰ (gift from Jens Kreth, Oregon Health & Science University) or C. albicans SN250 tagged with red fluorescent protein (tdTomato; gift from Damian J. Krysan, University of Iowa) strains were used for mixed-species biofilm experiments. The cultures were stored at −80 °C in tryptic soy broth (S. mutans/S. oralis) or Sabouraud dextrose broth (C. albicans) containing 20% glycerol. All strains were grown to mid-exponential phase (optical densities at 600 nm of 1.0 for Streptococci or 0.6 for Candida) in ultra-filtered (10-kDa molecular-mass cutoff membrane; Prep/Scale, Millipore, MA) buffered tryptone-yeast extract broth (UFTYE; 2.5% tryptone and 1.5% yeast extract, pH 7.0) containing 1% (wt/vol) glucose at 37 °C under 5% CO₂^{37 ,61 (link)}. These bacterial suspensions were then prepared for inoculum for the biofilm growth experiments.

Paula A.J., Hwang G, & Koo H. (2020). Dynamics of bacterial population growth in biofilms resemble spatial and structural aspects of urbanization. Nature Communications, 11, 1354.

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Dental Biofilm Acidogenicity and Demineralization

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Independent studies were conducted using slabs of bovine enamel or dentine. S. mutans UA159 biofilms were grown on these slabs using a validated model 15 (link) that was modified to simulate the action of salivary amylase. Biofilms were grown in ultrafiltered (10-kDa-cutoff membrane; Prep/Scale; Millipore, Billerica,USA), buffered tryptone-yeast extract broth (UTYEB), and exposed 8 times/day to one of the following treatments: 0.9% NaCl, 1% starch, 10% sucrose, and 1% starch plus 10% sucrose (starch + sucrose). Each experiment was performed 3 times, each in triplicate (n = 9). To simulate the effect of salivary amylase, saliva was added to the culture medium, and the biofilms were also pretreated with saliva before being exposed to the treatments described above. Culture medium was changed two times per day, at the beginning and at the end of the treatments (Figure 1), and its pH was determined as an indicator of biofilm acidogenicity. After 4 days for dentine and 5 days for enamel, the biomass (dry weight), viable bacteria count, and polysaccharide composition of the biofilm samples were determined. Demineralization induced on enamel and dentine slabs was assessed as the percentage of surface hardness (SH) loss. For statistical analyses, each biofilm/slab was considered as an experimental unit, with the data for enamel and dentine analyzed independently.

Botelho J.N., Villegas-Salinas M., Troncoso-Gajardo P., Giacaman R.A, & Cury J.A. (2016). Enamel and dentine demineralization by a combination of starch and sucrose in a biofilm - caries model. Brazilian oral research, 30(1).

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