Rstudio version 2022.07.1

Categorical variables were described with absolute number and corresponding percentage; continuous variables using mean with standard deviation (SD), and median with range. Statistical comparisons of categorical variables between groups were performed using the Chi square test. Continuous variables were compared using Welsh´s Test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test based on the underlying distribution evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test [17] (link). Comparisons of pre-and post-operative EPIC-26-Scores were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Dichotomous outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Variables were considered for inclusion in the multivariable model based on their literature-based relevance as potential confounders and based on statistical significance (P < 0.1) from univariate logistic regression analyses and retained in the final multivariable model if P < 0.05. The final multivariable logistic regression model was assessed for goodness of fit (calibration) with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test [18] and for discrimination with the area under the curve statistic. All statistical analyses were performed with R version 4.2.1 (R Core Development Team, Vienna, Austria) and RStudio version 2022.07.1 (RStudio Inc., Boston, MA). Statistical tests with P < 0.05 were considered significant. All P-values are two-sided.