Cell lines were authenticated by genotyping and analysis of protein expression by Western blotting, and routinely checked for Mycoplasma contamination by PCR. All cell lines were maintained at 37°C and an atmosphere of 5% CO2.
For drug treatment, cells were plated in 12-well plates at 20-30% density 24 hr prior to treatment. Chemical agents, including sulindac sulfide (Merck), indomethacin (Sigma), celecoxib (Sigma), acetaminophen (Sigma), metformin (Cayman Chemical), diclofenac (sodium salt; Cayman Chemical), sodium salicylate (Sigma), and salubrinal (Apex Bio), were prepared as DMSO stock solutions, except for Naproxen sodium (Apex Bio), which was dissolved in dH2O. Stock solution of each agent was diluted to appropriate concentrations in cell culture medium, and then added to cells.