Asi 5000a

Shimadzu TOC-5000A Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (catalytic combustion) with module ASI-5000A has been used
to measure dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at high temperature (720 °C) and with module SSM-5000A to measure particulate organic carbon (POC). Acidification was performed to pH < 2 using 2 N HCl on samples of 1L RW, 1L
SW and 1L WW in each irradiation experiment and CO2 was removed by purging samples with oxygen. UV-visible absorption spectra (between 250-800 nm) were measured using a PerkinElmer Lambda 10500 UV/VIS spectrophotometer with a 1 cm quartz cuvette with the blank as MilliQ water for the series of dilutions (100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%) of 1L RW, lL WW, 1LSW to check for inner filter effect according to Tucker et al. (1992) (link).

The pH of the draw solution was determined using a pH meter (Horiba pH meter D-54, Japan). The Na + ion concentration was analyzed using ion chromatography (DionexICS-90). The osmolality of draw solutions was measured using an osmometer (Model 3320, Advanced Instruments, Inc., USA). The measured osmolality of the solutions was then converted to osmotic pressure by using the Morse equation as follows:
where ( n C) represents total osmolality, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
The viscosity and conductivity were determined using the Vibro Viscometer (AD Company, Japan) and a conductivity meter (Sension156, Hach, China), respectively. The size of particles in the draw solution was measured using the SZ-100 nanoparticle analyzer (Horiba, Japan). The concentrations of each solute in the feed solution and permeation were detected using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer (ASI-5000A, Shimadzu, Japan).