Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride

Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA): graphite (325
mesh, 99%); sodium phosphate tribasic, anhydrous 100 mesh powder;
Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, MI): acetonitrile (HPLC grade, ≥99%);
methanol (HPLC grade, ≥99%); glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride
(technical, ≥90%); Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO): sodium azide
(≥99.5%); 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP, 5000 μg mL^–1 in methanol); sulfuric acid (95.0–98.0%); Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt,
Germany): hydrogen peroxide solution (30% w/w); Fisher Scientific
(Pittsburgh, PA): sodium hydroxide (97.9+%), hydrochloric acid (37.1%);
Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ): sodium bicarbonate (99.7%); ACROS
(New Jersey, US): sodium phosphate dibasic, anhydrous; Corigin Solutions,
LLC (Merced, CA): almond shell char; Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK): 2,4-dinitroanisole
(DNAN, 98%); powdered activated carbon (PAC; Norit D10). Deionized
water (18.2 MΩ cm) was obtained from a Millipore milli-Q-plus
water purification system. All chemicals were used as received.

Curdlan, CUR (from Alcaligenes faecalis), Hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC (average Mw ~80,000, average Mn ~10,000), Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride, GTMAC (≥90%), sodium p-styrenesulfonate, SSS (90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznan, Poland). Spectroscopic grade methanol and oleic acid (p.a.) were purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland).

Poly vinylbenzyl chloride (PVBC; 60/40 mixture of 3- and 4-isomers), N, N-dimethyl ethanol amine (DMEA), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), chitosan (CTS) (>75% deacetylated), and glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC, ≥90%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). All reagents were of analytical grade and used as obtained without further purification.

All chemicals used were of analytical grade. 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC; 60 wt% in H
₂O, Mw = 188.10), and glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC; > 90 wt % in H
₂O, Mw = 151.63), dipotassium chromate (K
₂CrO
₄), L-glutathione reduced (Mw = 307.32), 5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman’s reagent), Tris-HCl buffer, Na
₂HPO
₄.7H
₂O, NaH
₂PO
₄H
₂O, and NaCl were from Sigma Aldrich (South Africa). Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.5 % purity) was from Merck (Germany). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 32 %), nitric acid (HNO
₃, 55 %, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chlorite (NaClO
₂), glacial acetic acid (CH
₃COOH) were from Ace Chemicals (South Africa). Dry hemp branches from which fibres were obtained were sourced locally. All solutions were prepared with double deionised water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm
^-1. Glassware and polypropylene vials were washed, soaked in a 1M HNO
₃ acid bath for at least 24 hours, and rinsed with deionised water before use.

Maltodextrin was dissolved in 2 N sodium hydroxide with magnetic stirring at room temperature. Reticulation and cationization were performed using epichlorohydrin and glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich). Obtained hydrogels were neutralized with acetic acid and sheared using a high-pressure homogenizer (LM20, Microfluidics, France). The resulting nanoparticles were purified in ultrapure water by tangential flow ultrafiltration using a 750 kDa membrane (AKTA flux 6, GE Healthcare, France), then mixed with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol above the gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature. The average size and zeta potential of maltodextrin nanoparticles were measured in water with the zetasizer nanoZS (Malvern Instruments) by dynamic light scattering and by electrophoretic mobility analysis, respectively (S1 Table). The association of LdAg with NP was characterized using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE) (S1 Fig)[27 (link)]. In some conditions, nanoparticles were conjugated to 1% fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, w/w ratio) to assess the uptake of nanoparticles by BMDCs in vitro, using flow cytometry.