Methanol

The trans-resveratrol standard (99%) along with commercialized standard of trans-ε-viniferin (95%) (Fig. 5) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Prague, Czech Republic), while the cis-ε-viniferin was generated from trans-ε-viniferin standard by UV exposition (Spectroline, CV-10, New York, USA). All compounds were measured as solutions in isopropyl alcohol (Lach-Ner, Prague, Czech Republic, gradient grade) which was also used as extraction solvent along with ethanol (Lach-Ner, Prague, Czech Republic, gradient grade). Other solvents for HPLC were methanol (Lach-Ner, Prague, Czech Republic, HPLC gradient grade), acetic acid (Lach-Ner, Prague, Czech Republic, 99%), and ultrapure water. Gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic, ACS reagent), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic, 2 M with respect to acid), sodium carbonate (Lachema, Brno, Czech Republic, 98%), and ultrapure water (Ultrapur Watrex system, Prague, Czech Republic) were used for determination of total content of phenolic compounds in extracts.Figure 5

Structure of bioactive compounds extracted from wine waste.

Tissue-specific MSCs were characterized by morphological evaluation, cytogenetic analysis, CFU-F assay, flow cytometry immunophenotyping, and trilineage differentiation. Basic MSC morphology was assessed after their derivation and expansion by bright field microscopy using Olympus CKX53 inverted microscope (Olympus, Japan). Karyotype analysis was performed by Cytogenetic Laboratory Brno (Cytogenetická Laboratoř Brno, s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) by Giemsa-banding and microscopic examination. At least 40 metaphase spreads per sample were analyzed using “LUCIA Cytogenetics” software (Laboratory Imaging, Prague, Czech Republic) at a resolution of 450–500 bands per haploid set. Self-renewal capacity of tissue-specific MSCs and MPs was assessed by CFU-F assay. Cells were seeded at low densities and day 14 cultures were fixed with methanol (Lach-Ner, Czech Republic), washed and stained with Giemsa stain (Sigma-Aldrich) to visualize fibroblast colonies derived from single cells.

The pesticide standards were purchased from Restek (Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, USA) and Lab Instruments (Castellana Grotte, Italy). HPLC-MS-grade acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, and acetic acid were obtained from Lachner (Neratovice, Czech Republic). Sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate anhydrous, disodium hydrogen citrate sesquihydrate (C₆H₈Na₂O₈), and trisodium citrate dihydrate (C₆H₅O₇Na₃ × 2H₂O) were obtained from Lachner (Czech Republic). The graphitized carbon black (GCB), C18 sorbent, and primary and secondary amines (PSA) were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA).
The selected citrus fruits were purchased from local markets in Belgrade, Serbia, in February 2022, and a total of 76 samples were analyzed (28 oranges, 26 lemons, 17 tangerines, and 5 grapefruits). Each fruit sample was analyzed as the whole fruit following European Union Guidelines Regulation, (EC) No. 396/2005 Annex [20 ]. During the survey, fruits were stored in fridges in labeled plastic bags at 4 °C until analysis.

Commercially available cellulose ether, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC (Methocel K100M premium CR, Colorcon Ltd., Dartford, Kent, UK), and polydextrose, PD (STA-LITE L90, 70% aqueous solution of PD, Tate & Lyle Netherlands B.V., Koog Aan De Zaan, KA, Netherlands) (Figure 1) were used as carrier polymers for the ES of nanofibers. The organic solvents were 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexa-fluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) (≥99.0%) (Sigma-Aldrich C.C., St. Louis, MO, USA) and methanol (Lach-Ner, s.r.o., Neratovice, Czech Republic). Anhydrous piroxicam, (PRX, pure form I, PRXAH I, Letco Medical, Inc., N Livonia, MI, USA) was selected as a model drug for a low-dose poorly water-soluble active substance in nanofibers. In the wetting and dissolution experiments, purified water, hydrochloric acid buffer solution, USP 28 (pH 1.2), and phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2) were used as dissolution media. The materials for the preparation of buffer solutions were of analytical grade and purchased from Lach-Ner, s.r.o., Neratovice, Czech Republic.

Following the classic ADOR protocol,^{30 (link)} 0.1 g of calcined IWR sample was treated with 10 ml 0.1 M or 12 M HCl (Sigma-Aldrich) at room temperature for 6 h. Solid products were recovered by centrifugation or filtration, washed thoroughly with methanol (99.98%, Lachner) and acetone (99.99%, Lachner), and dried at 60 °C. The obtained solids were calcined at 450 °C for 2 h with a temperature ramp of 1 °C min⁻¹.
The IWR samples were also subjected to vapour-phase-transport (VPT) treatment according to the procedure reported in ref. 12 (link) For that, 0.1 g of calcined IWR sample was placed on the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane over 10 ml of 12 M hydrochloric acid solution at 25 °C for τ = 16 h.

FeCl₃·6H₂O, FeCl₂·4H₂O, trisodium citrate dihydrate, glycine methyl ester hydrochloride, triethylamine, methacryloyl chloride, 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone, NH₂OH·HCl, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN), 4-Cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoic acid (CTPA), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 1,2-diaminoethane and silica gel (pore size 60 Å) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aqueous ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, HCl, 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), NaCl, methanol, ethyl acetate, NaOH and diethyl ether were purchased from Lach-Ner, Neratovice, Czech Republic. Albumin was obtained from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). Sephadex^® G-20 was purchased from GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA). Aqueous solutions of FeCl₃·6H₂O and FeCl₂·4H₂O were purified by centrifugation for 10 min at 4400 rpm. 1,2-Dichlorethane, triethylamine, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) and 4-Cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoic acid (CTPA) were distilled before use. Ethanol was rectified. N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (HPMA) was prepared according to a literature procedure [69 (link)]. All aqueous solutions in this study were prepared from ultrapure Q-water (18.2 MΩ) ultrafiltered on a Milli-Q Gradient A10 system (Milipore, Molsheim, France).