Potassium clavulanate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Potassium clavulanate is a chemical compound that is used as a component in certain pharmaceutical products. It functions as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, which helps to prevent the breakdown of certain antibiotics by bacterial enzymes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Cephalothin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Cefotaxime, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Piperacillin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Ampicillin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Amoxicillin sodium, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Amoxicillin trihydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Ceftriaxone, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Tazobactam, by Chem-Impex (2 mentions) Aztreonam, by Chem-Impex (2 mentions) Ceftazidime, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Carbenicillin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Imipenem, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Angiotensin converting enzyme, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ammonium acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Glacial acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium fusidate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Methyl methacrylate mma, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Ethyl 2 bromoisobutyrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tetrahydrofuran thf, by Chempur (1 mentions)

17 protocols using potassium clavulanate

Vibrio Isolates and Antimicrobial Agents

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V. parahemolyticus 0577 was isolated
from food poisoning patients by Dr. Hin-Chung Wong’s laboratory,
Department of Microbiology of Soochow University, Taiwan. V. parahemolyticus 1109O101 and 1109O202
were isolated from oyster by Dr. Hsin-I Hsiao’s laboratory,
Department of Food science of National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan. V. cholerae CVD101 was obtain from Dr.
Adrian Robert Walmsley’s laboratory, Department of Biosciences
of Durham University, United Kingdom. Carbenicillin (CAR), cephalothin
(CEP), imipenem (IMI), potassium clavulanate (CLA), hipury-histidyl-leucine
(HHL), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were obtained from
Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Aztreonam (ATZ) was obtained from Bionovas, Canada.
Nitrocefin was obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals, Canada. The
antibiotics were purchased with purity levels exceeding 98%, and other
compounds were 95%. Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth was obtained from Formedium,
U.K.

Lu W.J., Tsui Y.C., Chang C.J., Hsu P.H., Huang M.Y., Lai M., Lian Y.W., Chen C.L, & Lin H.T. (2022). Characterization and Potentiating Effects of the Ethanolic Extracts of the Red Seaweed Gracillaria sp. on the Activity of Carbenicillin against Vibrios. ACS Omega, 7(50), 46486-46493.

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Quantification of Co-Amoxiclav Infusion Vials

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GSK pharmaceutical dosage form co-amoxiclav (1000mg/200mg) infusion vials were provided by St George’s Hospital, London, UK. Amoxicillin sodium, potassium clavulanate and caffeine reference standards were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, as were ammonium acetate and glacial acetic acid. Water for injection (WFI), 0.9% sodium chloride, and Ringer’s solution were purchased from The Pharmacy, Kingston, UK. Methanol (HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from VWR and distilled water was generated in the laboratory at Kingston University, London, UK.

Fawaz S., Dixon B., Barton S., Mohamed A, & Nabhani-Gebara S. (2020). Suitability of Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid for Administration via Prolonged Infusion. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 14, 103-109.

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Synthesis of Functional Polymers via ATRP

Cited 1 time

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The methyl methacrylate (MMA; Alfa Aesar, Warsaw, Poland) was dried using molecular sieves (type 4Å, Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland). The [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride (TMAMA/Cl; 80% aq. solution, Sigma-Aldrich, Poznań, Poland) was dried to a constant weight under reduced pressure. Methanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland) and dried over the same molecular sieves as MMA. Copper(I) bromide (CuBr; Fluka, 98%, Steinheim, Germany) was purified using a procedure described previously in the literature [42 (link)]. N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA, 98%), ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB, 98%), potassium clavulanate (KCLV), and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTf₂N) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Poznań, Polska). Sodium p-aminosalicylate (NaPAS, 98%), sodium piperacillin (NaPIP, 99%), and sodium fusidate (NaFUS, 98.8%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Warsaw, Poland) and used without further purification.

Niesyto K, & Neugebauer D. (2020). Linear Copolymers Based on Choline Ionic Liquid Carrying Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs: Influence of Anion Type on Physicochemical Properties and Drug Release. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), 284.

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Scopolamine-Induced Dementia Model

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The experimental study was performed on adult
male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats that weighed 150–200 g.
Animals were obtained from the pharmacology department of the Zanajn
University of Medical Sciences. Rats were kept in special clear plastic
cages at 23 °C. Adequate water and food were supplied except
during the training. Each animal was used only once and was excluded
from further experimentation under the ethical principles of working
with animals (Ethics Code No. IR.ZUMS.REC.1396.227). Scopolamine has
a role in learning/memory impairments as well as in the induction
of amyloid-beta deposition, synaptic dysfunction, and oxidative stress,
all of which are the most common forms of dementia affecting people
with AD, so it is used to create a laboratory animal model for memory
disorders including AD. Scopolamine hydrobromide was purchased from
Sigma Inc. and diluted according to the manufacturer’s protocol
and used i.p (2 mg/kg). Then, memantine under the brand name Namenda
and clavulanic acid under the brand name potassium clavulanate was
purchased from Sigma Inc. and diluted in normal saline to the recommended
amount of the manufacturer and injected i.p to rats (10 mg/kg). They
were prepared daily to minimize the possibility of any contamination.

Anoush M., Pourmansouri Z., Javadi R., GhorbanPour B., Sharafi A., Mohamadpour H., jafari anarkooli I, & Andalib S. (2022). Clavulanic Acid: A Novel Potential Agent in Prevention and Treatment of Scopolamine-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease. ACS Omega, 7(16), 13861-13869.

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Amoxicillin/Clavulanate and Prebiotic Effects

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Amoxicillin/clavulanate, a combination of amoxicillin trihydrate with potassium clavulanate (4:1; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, United States), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was used in this study. Prebiotics, 2′-fucosylactose (2’-FL) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were provided by FrieslandCampina Ingredients (Amersfoort, the Netherlands). Aequival 2’-FL powder is a high-purity human milk oligosaccharide product (94% 2’-FL on a dry matter basis). Purified Vivinal GOS was provided, containing 1.7% monomers, 6.6% dimers (allo-lactose, lactose and lactulose), and 91.7% GOS on a dry matter basis.

Endika M.F., Barnett D.J., Klostermann C.E., Schols H.A., Arts I.C., Penders J., Nauta A., Smidt H, & Venema K. (2023). Microbiota-dependent influence of prebiotics on the resilience of infant gut microbiota to amoxicillin/clavulanate perturbation in an in vitro colon model. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1131953.

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Cocaine and Clavulanate Effects on Rat Brain

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Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (225–250 g upon arrival; N = 200; Charles River Laboratories) were housed two per cage in a temperature- and humidity-controlled vivarium and maintained on a 12-h light-dark cycle. Food and water were given without restriction except during place preference conditioning or behavioral testing. Cocaine hydrochloride and potassium clavulanate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Both drugs were dissolved in physiological saline (0.9%) and injected IP. For molecular testing, saline-treated as well as CLAV-treated (1 or 10 d) rat brains were studied for RNA expression (ddPCR), protein expression (ELISA), and enzyme activities. Three brain regions were compared: NAc, ACC and occipital lobe excluding the cingulate (OC). All procedures and animal care were conducted in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by Temple University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Philogene-Khalid H.L., Morrison M.F., Darbinian N., Selzer M.E., Schroeder J, & Rawls S.M. (2022). The GLT-1 enhancer clavulanic acid suppresses cocaine place preference behavior and reduces GCPII activity and protein levels in the rat nucleus accumbens. Drug and alcohol dependence, 232, 109306.

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Thermal Stability Assay for BLA Enzyme

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A 96 well clear flat-bottom polystyrene plate (Greiner) was pre-blocked with 200 μL PBS with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA, ≥ 98%, Sigma) at 37 °C for 2 hours. The plate was then rinsed twice using 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄ pH 7.0 with 1 mM EDTA. 20 μL 25 μM BLA construct in PBS with 100 mM DTT was incubated at 10, 25, 37, 55, 75, 90 or 100 °C for 10 minutes and then cooled to 10 °C on a Bio-Rad C1000 Thermal Cycler (3 °C/s). The protein was diluted 1 in 400 using 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄ pH 7.0 with 1 mM EDTA and 1% BSA. 3 nM of BLA construct was allowed to react with 100 μM nitrocefin (Merck) in 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄ pH 7.0 with 1 mM EDTA at 20 °C. The reaction was quenched at different time-points by adding an equal volume of 500 μM potassium clavulanate (Sigma) dissolved in 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄ pH 7.0 with 1 mM EDTA. Care was taken to protect the plates from direct light. Half of the volume was transferred into a clean 96 well clear flat-bottom polystyrene plate to remove bubbles that could interfere with absorbance measurements. OD₄₈₆ was measured using a SpectraMax M3 microplate reader (Molecular Devices). Absorbance was corrected for the dilution caused by the addition of potassium clavulanate. Samples were blanked against a control lacking enzyme.

Schoene C., Bennett S.P, & Howarth M. (2016). SpyRing interrogation: analyzing how enzyme resilience can be achieved with phytase and distinct cyclization chemistries. Scientific Reports, 6, 21151.

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Evaluating MIC of TB Strains using Resazurin Assay

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The MIC of the TB strains was measured using the resazurin microtiter assay [9 (link)]. Amoxicillin and meropenem (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were added to 7H9-S broth with final concentrations ranging from 0.031 to 128 mg/L in 96-well plates. Potassium clavulanate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to 7H9-S broth with a final concentration of 2.5 mg/L in each well. Growth controls containing no antibiotic and sterility controls without inoculation were also included. The inoculum was adjusted to McFarland 1.0 with DensiCHEK plus instrument (bioMereux, Craponne, France) from fresh colonies on Ogawa II agar, and further diluted at a ratio of 1:10 in 7H9-S broth. The MIC was determined as the lowest concentration where no color change occurred by culturing Mtb in 7H9-S broth containing various concentrations of Amoxicillin and meropenem for up to 9 days, then adding resazurin (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and culturing for up to 48 hours. The Mtb H37Rv (ATCC 25618) and Mtb K-strain (NCCP 15986) were used as references in the drug susceptibility test. Drug susceptibility tests for the isolates that showed MIC >32/2.5 mg/L in to Amoxicillin/clavulanate or meropenem/clavulanate, were repeated twice.

Park S., Jung J., Kim J., Han S.B, & Ryoo S. (2022). Susceptibility of β-Lactam Antibiotics and Genetic Mutation of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Korea. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 85(3), 256-263.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by MIC

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Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar-dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2014, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement^{80 (link),81 (link)}. The MICs are reported as the concentrations at which bacterial growth was no longer observed. Avibactam was tested at a constant 4 μg/mL in combination with its respective antibiotic partners. All MIC measurements were performed at least three times.
Ampicillin, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, potassium clavulanate, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ceftazidime was procured from Sigma and Research Products International and used interchangeably throughout the experimentation. Imipenem was obtained from USP and from the commercial source. Sulbactam was bought from Astatech. Tazobactam and aztreonam were purchased from Chem-Impex Int’l. Ceftolozane-Tazobactam, cefepime, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem were obtained from their commercial sources. Avibactam was purchased from Advanced ChemBlocks.

Galdadas I., Lovera S., Pérez-Hernández G., Barnes M.D., Healy J., Afsharikho H., Woodford N., Bonomo R.A., Gervasio F.L, & Haider S. (2018). Defining the architecture of KPC-2 Carbapenemase: identifying allosteric networks to fight antibiotics resistance. Scientific Reports, 8, 12916.

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Evaluating ß-Lactam Efficacy against M. tuberculosis

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M. tuberculosis H37Rv was incubated at 37°C for five days in 96-well flat-bottomed cell culture plates containing different concentrations of ß-lactams alone, or with 2B8 or potassium clavulanate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). 2B8 was added at 31.25, 62.5, and 125 μM and clavulanate was added at 8 mg/L. Tested concentrations for each ß-lactam were as follows: carbenicillin (2 and 32 mg/L), amoxicillin (2 and 32 mg/L), ceftazidime (1 and 16 mg/L), and meropenem (0.03125 and 0.5 mg/L). After 5 days of incubation, cultures were serially diluted in sterile PBS and plated on Middlebrook 7H11 agar (BD, USA) with glycerol, OADC and 8 mg/L cyclohexamide (Gold biotechnology, USA). The number of CFUs was determined by counting visible colonies after three or four weeks of incubation at 37°C. Bactericidal activity (%) was calculated as follows: 100–100 × (Treatment group CFUs/Control CFUs). For this calculation, control CFUs were obtained from non-treated (for ß-lactams only group), 2B8 only (for 2B8/ß-lactams combination group), and clavulanate only (for clavulanate/ß-lactams combination group) treated samples.

Jeon A.B., Obregón-Henao A., Ackart D.F., Podell B.K., Belardinelli J.M., Jackson M., Nguyen T.V., Blackledge M.S., Melander R.J., Melander C., Johnson B.K., Abramovitch R.B, & Basaraba R.J. (2017). 2-aminoimidazoles potentiate ß-lactam antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reducing ß-lactamase secretion and increasing cell envelope permeability. PLoS ONE, 12(7), e0180925.

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