Soluble solids were measured using a PAL-1 refractometer (Atago Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The Coomassie Brilliant Blue method was used to estimate soluble protein levels [35 ] and the 2,6-dichloroindophenol staining method was used to determine the vitamin C content [36 ]. The soluble sugar content was determined using the anthrone–sulfuric acid method [37 (link)]. The titratable acid content of the tomato fruit was determined following the method described by Wang et al. [38 (link)] using 0.1 mol L−1 NaOH (containing two drops of 1% phenolphthalein), pale pink in color, as an indicator. The nitrate content was determined using the salicylic acid–sulfuric acid method [39 ].
Pal 1 refractometer
Manufactured by Atago
Sourced in Japan
The PAL-1 is a digital refractometer designed for precise measurement of refractive index and Brix values. It features a compact and durable construction, with a range of 1.3300 to 1.5300 refractive index and 0 to 85% Brix. The PAL-1 provides accurate and reliable measurements with a simple user interface.
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Lab products found in correlation
Agilent 1100 high performance liquid chromatography, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Ct3 texture analyzer, by Ametek (1 mentions)
Gc 2010, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
S a ph meter, by Crison (1 mentions)
Dryer, by Binder (1 mentions)
Model 875, by Seca (1 mentions)
Digital potentiometer, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
13 protocols using pal 1 refractometer
1
Comprehensive Tomato Fruit Analysis
2
Determining Fruit Soluble Solids, Sugars, and Acids
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The juice of the pulp near the middle of the suture of each fruit was sampled, and the soluble solids content (SSC) was determined using a PAL-1 refractometer (ATAGO. Itabashi-ku, Japan). The average of two points was used as the SSC of each fruit. The contents of soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol) and organic acids (malic acid, quinic acid and citric acid) in the pulp were determined using Agilent 1100 high-performance liquid chromatography (Agilent Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA) [17 (link)]. The total sugar and acid contents equaled the total content of each soluble sugar and acid component, respectively. The sugar-acid ratio was calculated using the total sugar and total acid contents.
3
Evaluating Natural Variation in Melon Sweetness
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The plant material contained an RIL population and a GWAS panel. The RIL population, consisting of 146 RILs, was derived from two oriental melon cultivars (1214 with low sweetness and 1228 with high sweetness). The RIL population was grown in a greenhouse at Xueyao Experiment Station (32°14′ N, 120°64′ E) of Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Nantong, China) in the spring of 2020, 2021, and 2022. The GWAS panel, consisting of 213 melon accessions that included 145 accessions of ssp. agrestis, 67 accessions of ssp. melo, and 1 Mapao melon accession, was planted in a greenhouse at Xueyao Experiment Station in the spring of 2020 and 2021 and the spring/autumn of 2021. A randomized block design with three replicates was utilized to evaluate the plant materials. Five plants were grown for each melon germplasm. One fruit per plant was harvested at 30–35 days after pollination, and the SSC of fruit flesh was measured with a hand-held digital PAL-1 refractometer (Atago). ANOVA for SSC was calculated in R using the aov function. Based on the phenotypic data of two populations for multiple environments, the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) were calculated by the R package lme4.
4
Sorghum Internode Sugar and Starch Analysis
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Seeds of sorghum cultivar SIL-05 were sown on 26 May 2012 in a field at Shinshu University in Nagano, Japan. Weather-induced lodging occurred in 12 of the 48 plants just after ear-heading in late August 2012. The lodged plants were still lodged at the time of sampling of their internodes on 10 October 2012. Internodes located in the central part of each plant were collected. The collected internodes were completely developed and the seeds were fully ripe. For quantification of sugars, juice at the internode was obtained by using a French press. The Brix of the sorghum juice was measured with a PAL-1 refractometer (Atago, Tokyo, Japan). Sugar contents (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) were measured by capillary electrophoresis [5 (link)]. For quantification of starch, frozen internodes were powdered, shaken with 0.2% NaOH for 30 min, and stored overnight at 4 °C. The extract was filtered through gauze to remove the insoluble residual fibers. The filtered extract was centrifuged and the starch pellet was washed stepwise with 0.2% NaOH, distilled water, and methanol and then dried. The dried starch weight (mg)/stem fresh weight (g) ratios were compared between intact and lodged plants.
5
Quantifying Ethylene and Respiration in Morus
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Eight headspace bottles (20 ml), each containing one fruit, were used to evaluate the fruit ethylene production rate. The sealed bottles were held at 23°C for 2 h, and then 1 ml of headspace gas was removed using an airtight syringe. The ethylene was measured using a gas chromatograph (GC2010; Shimadzu, Japan) fitted with a flame ionization detector. The temperatures of the oven, injector and detector were 110°C, 130°C, and 200°C, respectively, and nitrogen was used as the carrier gas at 40 ml min−1.
Fruit firmness was measured using a CT3 texture analyzer (Brookfield, USA) fitted with a 2 mm diameter probe. The probe was pressed into eight different fruits to a depth of 3 mm in a single smooth motion. Juice samples of 200 μl pressed from Morus fruit were used to measure SSC by using a PAL-1 refractometer (Atago, Japan).
Respiration rate was measured as CO2 production. Three replicates of Morus fruit were weighed before being sealed in a 5 L container at 25°C. Increased CO2 concentration in the container was monitored using a CO2 monitoring instrument (RD-7AG; Nanjing Analytical Instrument Factory Co., Ltd. China). The results were calculated as mg CO2 kg FW−1 h−1.
Fruit firmness was measured using a CT3 texture analyzer (Brookfield, USA) fitted with a 2 mm diameter probe. The probe was pressed into eight different fruits to a depth of 3 mm in a single smooth motion. Juice samples of 200 μl pressed from Morus fruit were used to measure SSC by using a PAL-1 refractometer (Atago, Japan).
Respiration rate was measured as CO2 production. Three replicates of Morus fruit were weighed before being sealed in a 5 L container at 25°C. Increased CO2 concentration in the container was monitored using a CO2 monitoring instrument (RD-7AG; Nanjing Analytical Instrument Factory Co., Ltd. China). The results were calculated as mg CO2 kg FW−1 h−1.
6
Analyzing Peach Quality Metrics
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TA was measured by acid-base titration and expressed as a malic acid content percentage [30 ]. The total soluble solid (TSS) content of a peach was measured by a PAL-1 refractometer (Atago Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) [31 (link)]. Ten replicates were performed for this analysis, in which two fruit were used for each replicate.
7
Determining Water Composition in Plants
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The fractional composition (free water and bound water) of water plant shoots was determined by the refractometric method, by following the method of Okuntzova-Marinchik [77 ]. The method is based on a change in the concentration of a sucrose solution when a shoot sample is immersed in it. Test tubes with stoppers were used. Two milliliters of 30% sucrose solution was used for this purpose. The average sample weight was 400 mg. Using a PAL 1 refractometer (ATAGO, Tokyo, Japan), the final concentration of sucrose solution was determined after immersion of a plant sample in it (exposure time—2 h). At the same time, the total water content was determined by drying the plant sample (for bound water determination) to a constant weight in an artificial climate chamber ‘Espec’ PSL—2KRN (ESPEC, Osaka, Japan) at 105 °C for 3 h. The total water content (%) of the leaves was then calculated by taking the sum of free and bound water percentages.
8
Determination of Starch and Buckwheat Fiber
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Dry matter: Determination of the dry matter content in the preparation of starch and buckwheat fiber was carried out in a dryer (Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany). This method consists of the evaporation of water from the product sample in the process of drying at 130 °C for 60 min and determining the residual dry matter by weight.
Fiber content: According to AOAC (2006) [36 ], the fiber content of the buckwheat hulls were determined.
Brix value: Apple juice solution added to the examined samples (apple juice diluted with water 1:1) was established using a PAL-1 refractometer (Atago, Fukuoka, Japan) with a Brix scale (%). The results were averaged, and the standard deviation was calculated.
pH: The pH of the prepared apple juice solution was measured using a Crison Instruments S.A. pH-meter (Barcelona, Spain).
Fiber content: According to AOAC (2006) [36 ], the fiber content of the buckwheat hulls were determined.
Brix value: Apple juice solution added to the examined samples (apple juice diluted with water 1:1) was established using a PAL-1 refractometer (Atago, Fukuoka, Japan) with a Brix scale (%). The results were averaged, and the standard deviation was calculated.
pH: The pH of the prepared apple juice solution was measured using a Crison Instruments S.A. pH-meter (Barcelona, Spain).
9
Brix Measurement of Soluble Solids
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The level of soluble solids was measured as % Brix with a refractometer (PAL-1 refractometer, ATAGO, Japan), and three analyses of three samples were performed.
10
Body Mass and Hydration Monitoring
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In addition to baseline measures (day one), fasted body mass was also collected from all players on days seven and fourteen (SECA, model-875, Hamburg, Germany). Prior to each body mass assessment (days one, seven and fourteen), all players provided a urine sample to establish hydration status (PAL-1 refractometer, Atago, Japan).
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