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7 protocols using jem 200cx transmission electron microscope

1

Analytical Characterization of Nanomaterials

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Metsulfuron-methyl, melamine, atrazine, and hexazinone were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). NaCl, MgCl2, glucose, L-cysteine, and vitamin C were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were analytical reagent grade.
A NanoDrop oneC spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to record UV-vis absorption spectra. A JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was used for imaging particle aggregation. Vibrational spectra were obtained with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR-8400, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
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Comprehensive Characterization of Nanomaterials

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The XRD patterns were recorded on a Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Matsubaracho, Japan) equipped with a Cu Kα X-ray source operating at 40 kV and 30 mA. The TEM images were measured on a JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The size of every particle was obtained through measuring its spherical diameter by the manual approach, and then, a mean particle size was calculated by averaging the diameters of ~300 particles. The XPS analyses were performed using a KRATOS AXIS Ultra DLD instrument (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). An Al Kα X-ray source was used for all samples, along with pressure in the analysis chamber of 7 × 10−8 Pa. The step size of 1 eV and the dwell time of 0.1 s were employed, and each peak was scanned once for the survey scans.
The Ni dispersion was measured by CO chemisorption on an AutoChem II 2920 instrument (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA). Prior to CO chemisorption, the samples were reduced at 500 °C for 1 h in flowing H2, followed by He purging for another 30 min. Subsequently, the sample was cooled to 50 °C, and then, 10% CO/He was pulsed into the reactor through the six port valve until a constant CO peak area was reached.
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Thiazine Red (ThR) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was from PAA Laboratories (Pasching, Austria). Non-coated, D-mannose- and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (4.4 mg/mL) were prepared through coprecipitation of FeCl2 and FeCl3 solutions with ammonia, the subsequent oxidation of the resulting product by sodium hypochlorite and the coating with D-mannose and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) according to earlier reports [20 (link),25 (link)]. While coating with D-mannose was performed by the slow addition of D-mannose solution to the γ-Fe2O3 colloid, coating with PDMAAm included solution radical polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) in the presence of maghemite nanoparticles using 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) initiator. The particles were examined with a JEOL JEM 200 CX transmission electron microscope (TEM; Tokyo, Japan) to determine the particle size and polydispersity; at least 500 particles were measured by using the Atlas software (Tescan Digital Microscopy Imaging, Brno, Czech Republic).
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4

Visualizing D-Fe3O4@PMn Uptake in Pancreatic Cancer

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To determine D-Fe3O4@PMn uptake by pancreatic cancer cells, both the Prussian blue staining technique and TEM imaging were used. For the Prussian blue staining technique, Panc-1 and BxPc-3 were cultured for 24 h in the presence of non-targeted Fe3O4@PMn (150 μg/mL, control) and D-Fe3O4@PMn (0, 10, 50, 150, 200 μg/mL) using 4-well chamber slides. Subsequently, the cells on the slide were washed twice with warm culture medium and fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde. To stain the cells on the slide, a mixture of 2.5% potassium ferrocyanide and 2.5% hydrochloric acid was used to incubate with the sample preparation for 20 min, and the slide was washed and counterstained with nuclear fast red. For TEM imaging, pancreatic cancer cells were treated with D-Fe3O4@PMn (150 μg/mL), followed by fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 4 °C for 1 h. The cells were then treated with 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embedded in AGAR100 (Nanjing Medicine University, Nanjing) before they were sliced in ultrathin sections. The resulting preparation was observed using a JEOL JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope.
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5

Catalyst Characterization Techniques

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X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) were obtained with a Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Matsubara Cho, Japan) equipped with a Cu Kα X-ray source operating at 40 kV and 30 mA. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were recorded on a KRATOS AXIS Ultra DLD instrument (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image was carried out with a JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Elemental analysis was performed with an icpmsPE300D inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The specific surface area was measured by N2 isothermal adsorption on BSD-PM2. The samples were outgassed at 120 °C for 5 h before analysis. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) was undertaken on BELCAT-A equipped with a TCD detector to measure the reduction behaviors of the catalysts. For H2-TPR experiments, the 50 mg sample was heated to 800 °C at the rate of 10 °C min−1, after being cooled to room temperature, 5 vol.% H2/N2 gas was used as the reduced gas. Temperature programmed desorption of NH3 (NH3-TPD) was conducted on BELCAT-A to analyze the amount of acid sites of the catalysts. 50 mg sample was purged by He at 400 °C before adsorption, then cooled to 100 °C to saturate with NH3 and swept by He to remove the physically adsorbed NH3 for 0.5 h, and then the samples were heated to 400 °C at the rate of 10 °C min−1.
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6

Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

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Chlorsulfuron, acetamiprid, atrazine, and hexazinone were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). NaCl, MgCl2, glucose, l-cysteine, and vitamin C were obtained from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were of analytical reagent grade.
UV-Vis absorption spectra were recorded on a NanoDrop One© spectrophotometer (Thermo ScientificManufacturer, City, Country, Waltham, MA USA). Transmission electron microscopy was performed using a JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR-8400, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used to record Fourier transform infrared spectra.
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7

Multimodal Characterization of Nanomaterials

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UV-Vis spectra were determined using a UV-3600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Fluorescence spectra for quantification of the DNAzyme loading were recorded on a RF-5301PC spectroflurophotometer (Shimadzu). Other fluorescence determination and MTT assay were performed with the use of a Varioskan Flash (Thermo Scientific, USA). FTIR spectra were collected on a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrometer. DLS measurements were performed on a 90 Plus Nanoparticle Size Analyzer (Brookhaven, USA). CLSM images were obtained using a Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope. Fluorescence gel imaging was conducted on a Bio-Rad imaging system (serial no. 76S/06725). TEM images were acquired using a JEM 200CX transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. HRTEM images and EDX measurements were carried out on a JEOL-2100 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) coupled with an EDX spectrometer. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was conducted on an ABI 7300 Sequence Detection System.
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