Unless otherwise noted, all reagents used in the experiments were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification. 3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazole, N,N-bis(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetraMethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-BenzenaMine, lead iodide (PbI2), methylammonium iodide (MAI), acetonitrile (99.8%), chlorobenzene (99.9%), and dimethylformamide (DMF) (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and Li-bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI) were purchased from TCI. 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) (99.0%) was purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Co., Ltd.
Perovskite precursor: The perovskite precursor was obtained by mixing PbI2 and MACl (in a molar ratio of 1:1) in DMF with a concentration of 350 mg/mL, and was then stirred at 60 °C overnight in a glovebox.
Spiro-OMeTAD: The 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N’-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was doped with TBP and Li-TFSI. A total of 73.2 mg of Spiro-OMeTAD (Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China) was dissolved in 1 mL of chlorobenzene (CB) with 28.8 μL of 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and 17.6 μL of Li-bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI).
Perovskite precursor: The perovskite precursor was obtained by mixing PbI2 and MACl (in a molar ratio of 1:1) in DMF with a concentration of 350 mg/mL, and was then stirred at 60 °C overnight in a glovebox.
Spiro-OMeTAD: The 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N’-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was doped with TBP and Li-TFSI. A total of 73.2 mg of Spiro-OMeTAD (Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China) was dissolved in 1 mL of chlorobenzene (CB) with 28.8 μL of 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and 17.6 μL of Li-bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI).