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11 protocols using urea

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Metallic Nanoparticles

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All reagents are of analytical grade and used without further purification. Double distilled water was used throughout the experiments. Cobalt (II) acetate tetrahydrate (Co(OAc)2·4H2O), nickel (II) acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(Oac)2·4H2O), potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) (K4[Fe(CN)6]), potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]), D-(+)-glucose, thioacetamide (TAA), uric acid (UA), and sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ascorbic acid (AA), ethanol (EtOH), potassium chloride (KCl), and 4-acetamidophenol (AP) were ordered from Aladdin Industrial Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), Yasheng Chemical Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China), Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), respectively. Urea and sodium chloride (NaCl) were acquired from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Guangdong, China), while L-cysteine (Lcy) and D-fructose (Fru) were obtained from Huixing Biochemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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2

Hydrogenation of Aromatic Amines

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Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.8% purity), aniline (>99%) and ethanol (99.5% purity) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. Ruthenium (5%) on carbon, cyclohexylamine (99.18%) and 1,4-cyclohexanediamine (>98%) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. p-Phenylenediamine (>97%) and ruthenium(iii) chloride (RuCl3, Ru = 45%–55%) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin biochemical technology Co., Ltd. Urea (>99%) was purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., China. Sodium borohydride (98%) was purchased from Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Other reagents were of analytical grade and used as received.
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3

Electrochemical Characterization of Metal-Organic Complexes

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Urea (≥99.0%), N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF, 99.9%), Copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O, 99.0%), Nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O, ≥98.0%), NaOH (96.0%), AA (≥99.7%), sucrose, glucose and NaCl (≥99.5%) were purchased from XiLong Scientific. Citric acid (99.5%) and DA (98%) were purchased from Aladdin. 5wt% of Nafion was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Ethylene glycol (EG, 99.0%), maltose, fructose, D-galactose and UA (99%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Ultrapure water (ELGA, Veolia, 18.2 MΩ) was used throughout the experiments, and all reagents which were not mentioned above were of analytical grade.
The samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS, Thermo ESCALAB 250XI), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM, FEI Tecnai G2 20), ultraviolet-visible spectra (UV-Vis, PerkinElmer Lambda 365), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR, Bruker) and X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance). All electrochemical experiments were performed on the electrochemical workstation (Shanghai, CHI 660C). The working electrodes were modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE, 3 mm in diameter), the reference electrode was saturated calomel electrode (SCE), and a platinum wire electrode was usedas the auxiliary electrode.
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4

Synthesis of Co-Al Layered Double Hydroxide

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All of the chemical reagents used in the experiment were analytical grade as purchased and be used directly without any further purification. Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O and urea were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., NH4F was purchased from Beijing Yili Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
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5

Synthesis of Ru-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts

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AB (NH3BH3, 90 wt%) and ruthenium(iii) chloride hydrate (RuCl3·nH2O, 35–42 wt% Ru basis) were purchased from Aladdin Inc. (Shanghai, China). Magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2·6H2O), aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3·9H2O), and urea were obtained from Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. All chemicals are analytically pure and were used without further refinement. The deionized water used in this study was produced from the reverse osmosis and the following ion-exchange and filtration.
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6

Synthesis of Cerium-Manganese Nanocomposite

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Cerium(iii) nitrate hexahydrate (>99%, Sigma Aldrich), manganese(ii) nitrate tetrahydrate (>99%, Sigma Aldrich) urea (>99%, Xilong Scientific), d-glucose anhydrous (99%, Scharlau), and KMnO4 (>99%, Merck) were purchased and utilized for synthesis without further purification.
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7

Comprehensive Molecular Biology Toolkit

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RNA extraction kit and SYBR Color qPCR Master Mix was purchased from VazymeBiotech Co.,Ltd. 2 K DNA Marker; 15 K DNA Marker; BamHI, XhoI, EcoRI, HindIII endonuclease; T4 DNA ligase; Taq DNA polymerase and PrimeScript 1st strand cDNA Synthesis Kit were purchased from Takara Bio company. Plasmid extraction kit was purchased from TIANGEN Biotech Co.,LTD. Urea was purchased from Xilong Chemical.14-100 kDa Protein Marker; 10-180 kDa Protein Marker; 5× SDS-PAGE Loading Buffer were purchased from TransGen Biotech. PVDF membrane was purchased from Millipore of Sigma-Aldrich Company. 6× His-Tag Monoclonal antibodies, MBP Rabbit polyclonal antibodies, HRP- Goat anti Mouse IgG and HRP- Goat anti Pig IgG were purchased from Proteintech Group. The ELISA kit was purchased from Huamei Biological Engineering Co. Ltd. NTA Agarose was acquired from QIAGEN of Sigma-Aldrich Company. Freund's complete adjuvant and Freund's incomplete adjuvant was purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific.
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8

Synthesis of Zinc-Molybdenum Hybrid Nanostructures

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All chemicals were consumed as received. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 98%) and sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4·2H2O, 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and urea was procured from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., China. Hydrochloric acid and NF was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. and from MTI Corp., respectively. A strip of NF with dimension of 1 × 3 cm, was cleaned in 3 M HCl, deionized water and absolute ethanol by sonication before drying overnight at 60 °C.
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9

PVA-Tannic Acid Composite Synthesis

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; EXCEVAL™ AQ-4104, Viscosity = 17 mPa·s) was purchased from Kuraray Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Tannic acid (TA; analytically pure) and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4; analytical pure, the purity ≥ 99.0%) were supplied by Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, AlCl3·6H2O and urea were supplied by Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China).
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10

Synthesis of SnO2-Co Catalysts

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All the chemicals used in this work were analytically pure and were commercially available. Commercial SnO2 and Co(NO3)2·6H2O, 2-methylimidazole were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co. Ltd. Na2SnO3 and urea were purchased from Xilong Scientific.
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