Tris-base, SDS, and the 2-D Quantification Kit were purchased from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ, USA). Octane and sequencing grade-modified trypsin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The iTRAQ Reagent Kit was acquired from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA), formic acid (FA) from TEDIA (Fairfield, OH), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), KH2PO4, methanol, acetone, HCl, and KCl from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All buffers were prepared with Milli-Q water (Millipore; Billerica, MA).
Formic acid
Manufactured by Tedia
Sourced in United States, Germany, Brazil, China
Formic acid is a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent odor. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial applications, including as a preservative, antibacterial agent, and chemical intermediate.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Acetonitrile, by Tedia (33 mentions)
Methanol, by Tedia (29 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (20 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (17 mentions)
Milli q water purification system, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Tedia (6 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Milli q water system, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Hplc grade methanol, by Tedia (4 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Tedia (4 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Tedia (4 mentions)
117 protocols using formic acid
1
Quantitative Proteome Analysis Protocol
2
Quantitative analysis of extracellular matrix proteins
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The collagenase was supplied by Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The elastase was obtained from Beijing Coolaber Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The hyaluronidase from bovine testes and the fluorogenic MMP 2 substate (N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, United States). The 10 kDa cutoff centrifugal ultrafiltration filters (YM-10) were purchased from Millipore Co., Ltd. (Bedford, MA, United States). The membranes (0.22 μm) were bought from Tianjin Jinteng Experiment Equipment Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Epigallocatechin gallate was bought from Shanghai Meryer Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile (ACN) and formic acid (FA) of HPLC grade were purchased from TEDIA Company Inc. (Fairfield, Ohio, USA). The ultrapure water for LC-MS analysis and pure water for the sample process were prepared using the EPED water system (Nanjing EPED Technology Development Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), including methanol (MeOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), and ascorbic acid.
3
Phytochemicals Extraction and Evaluation
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The extraction solvents ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate n-butanol and the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were supplied by Shanghai Chemical Reagent Corp. (Shanghai, China). The different standards used for the assays comprising gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid (Vit C), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Trolox, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,4,6-Tri (2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), and indomethacin with a purity ≥99.5% were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp (Shanghai, China). The HPLC grade solvents acetonitrile (ACN), methanol, and formic acid (FA) were obtained from TEDIA Company Inc. (Fairfield, OH, United States). The p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG) substrate was acquired from Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Corp. The COX-2 inhibitor screening assay kit (No: S0168) was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The α-glucosidase enzyme was bought from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, United States) whereas Wuhan Antgene Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China) supplied the COX-2 enzyme. The centrifugal ultrafiltration membranes 10 kDa Cut-off (YM-10) were purchased from Millipore Co. Ltd. (Bedford, MA, United States). Finally, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co. (Shanghai, China) supplied the phytochemical standards vitexin and astragalin (≥98%).
4
Quantitative Proteome Analysis of LMC-Treated Tissues
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Total protein from LMC-treated tissues was extracted using lysis buffer (CW2333S, Cwbiotech, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer's protocol. The total proteins from NGM, AH, GPDAC and LMGAC tissue samples were labeled with different iTRAQ reagents (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Four labeled lysates were mixed and lyophilized before they were desalted. Then, the samples were dissolved in deionized water containing 0.1% formic acid (FA, Tedia Company, Fairfield, OH, USA) and eluted three times with Sep-Pak C18 1 cc Vac cartridges (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA). The cleaning solution was collected and lyophilized to obtain the final samples.
5
Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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The reference standards of rutin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isoquercitrin, astragaloside, luteolin, apigenin, quercetin and kaempferol were purchased from Shanghai Tauto Biotech (Shanghai, China). Formic acid (FA) and acetonitrile (ACN) of HPLC grade were provided by TEDIA Company Inc. (Fairfield, OH, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) were obtained from Gibco (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Sulforhodamine B (SRB), glutamine, trichloroacetic acid, streptomycin, penicillin and DMSO were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyamide was obtained from an industrial chemical company affiliated to Nan Kai University (Tianjin, China). Water for HPLC-UV and ESI-MS/MS was prepared with EPED (Nanjing Yeap Esselte Technology Development Co., Nanjing, China). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.
6
Antioxidant Compound Isolation and Analysis
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Rutin was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulf onic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), Vc, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and foline-phenol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (Shanghai, China). The purity of the related standards above was equal or greater than 99.5%. The HPLC-grade solvents, such as acetonitrile (ACN), methanol, and formic acid (FA), were obtained from TEDIA Company Inc. (Fairfield, OH, USA). All of the other solvents were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Corp. (Shanghai, China).
7
Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant Evaluation
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All reagents, specifically 2,2´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2´-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade phenolic standards (protocatechuic acid, (+)-catechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, (−)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, cAMP, and cGMP) were also purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC grade sugar standards (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), ascorbic acid (AA), phloridzin and kaempferol were purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Methanol, acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Tedia Company, Inc. (Fairfield, CT, USA). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and all other chemicals were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China).
8
Characterization of AKF-PD Metabolites
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AKF-PD (batch no.: 070701, content: 99.9%), AKF-PD hydroxylated metabolites (M1, batch no.: 070930, content: 93.0%), AKF-PD carboxylic metabolites (M2, batch no.: 070715, content: 97.8%), and carboxylated pirfenidone (batch no.: 070511, content: 99.8%) were provided by the School of Pharmacy, Central South University. Methanol (batch no.: 707108) and formic acid (batch no.: 409101) were of analytical or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade and were supplied by Tedia, USA. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) (batch no.: 031021) was supplied by Shantou Xilong Chemical Factory, China. Purified water was supplied by Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd, China.
9
HPLC Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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All chemicals and reference standards used in this study were purchased as the HPLC grade. Oridonin (purity ≥98%) and rosmarinic acid (purity ≥98%) were purchased from Chengdu Must Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China). Schaftoside (purity ≥98%) was purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd (Chengdu, China). Methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from E. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid (purity 96.0%) was purchased from Tedia Company Inc. (Fairfield, OH, USA). Water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
10
Quantification of Bile Acids Metabolites
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ANIT, carbamazepine, mycophenolic acid, and reference standards for 18 BAs, including CA, glycocholic acid, TCA, CDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, TCDCA, deoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, UDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, TUDCA, LCA, glycolithocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, glycohyodeoxycholic acid, and taurohyodeoxycholic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chromatography-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was purified using a MilliQ water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Chromatography-grade acetic acid, formic acid, and methanol were provided by Tedia Company (Fairfield, OH, USA).
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