Acid Blue 113 was chosen as the model dye because the two azo bonds in its chemical structure, as shown in Fig 1 , make it particularly recalcitrant. To make dye mixture, Methyl Orange and Reactive Black 5 were selected. All reagents were of analytical grade and used without any further purification. Dyes were procured from Sigma-Aldrich while 30% (wt/wt) H2O2 was purchased from Merck. Iron chloride, 2,2´-bipyridine, 2-propanol, and ethanol were obtained from Merck and used for the preparation of the heterogeneous catalysts. ZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio: 50) was purchased from Zeolyst International. The initial pH of the synthetic dye solution was adjusted using 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M NaOH (Merck). Quantitative estimation of H2O2 concentration at the end of the experiment was accomplished using peroxide strips.
2 2 bipyridine
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Switzerland
2,2'-bipyridine is a heterocyclic organic compound used in various laboratory applications. It acts as a bidentate ligand, coordinating to metal ions through its two nitrogen atoms. 2,2'-bipyridine is commonly used in analytical chemistry, organic synthesis, and coordination chemistry research.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
1 10 phenanthroline, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Copper 1 bromide, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Copper 2 bromide, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methyl methacrylate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Toluene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Azobisisobutyronitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Triethylamine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tetrahydrofuran, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Triethylamine tea, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Copper bromide, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 propanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Copper 1 chloride cucl, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Spectramax i3x, by Molecular Devices (2 mentions)
Copper 1 chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
56 protocols using 2 2 bipyridine
1
Heterogeneous Catalytic Degradation of Recalcitrant Azo Dyes
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Vanadium Complexes
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All chemical compounds: vanadyl acetylacetonate, vanadyl sulfate pentahydrate, 1,10-phenanthroline, thiodiacetate, oxydiacetic acid, 2-phenylpyridine, dipicolinic acid, 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine, 2,2′-bipyridine, n-hexane, ethylaluminium dichloride, dimethyl sulfoxide, 3-buten-2-ol, allyl alcohol, 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and 2,3-dibromo-2-propen-1-ol were purchased from Merck, Darmstad, Germany. The purity of the reagents was in the range of 97–100%.
3
Synthesis of Copper(II) Coordination Complexes
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The chemicals for synthesis of the complexes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany) (copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (≥99.99% trace metals basis), 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy, 99%), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 99%), 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (99%) and 3-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole (96%)) and Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) (dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether, potassium superoxide) as reagent grade and were used as received, without further purification. The 5-phenyl-7-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (pmtp) was synthesized by a method reported in the literature [30 (link)].
4
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Redox Reactions
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All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and used without further purification. RuCl3·xH2O was purchased from Abcam. 2-(Aminomethyl)pyridine, 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine, 2,2′-bipyridine, lithium chloride, methanol-d4, deuterium oxide, sodium formate-d, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide sodium salt, and MES sodium salt, were obtained from Merck. Sodium formate, sodium tetrahydroborate, and solvents were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials Poland SA. Deionized water was obtained from a Millipore Milli-Q water reagent system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
5
ATRP Synthesis and Purification of Polymers
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Acrylonitrile (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, 99%) was passed through a macroreticular ion exchange resin (De-Hibit-200, Polysciences Inc., Warrington, PA, USA) to remove the inhibitor. Methyl methacrylate (99%), 2-bromopropionitrile (BPN, 97%), CuBr (98%), 2,2′-bipyridine (99%), N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (99%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), 2-cyanopyridine (2CNP, 99%), ethylene carbonate (EC, >99%), sulfur (>99%, rhombic sulfur), methanol, and 2-propanol were purchased from Merck and used as received.
All the polymer syntheses were carried out by copper-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in EC or 2CNP, using BPN or bromine-terminated PAN as initiators for homopolymerization and copolymerization, respectively, following previously reported procedures [19 (link),20 (link)]. At the end of the polymerization, the reaction mixture was dissolved in DMF, and the polymer was precipitated in a methanol/2-propanol (3/1 v/v) mixture. The polymer was filtered, washed several times with methanol and water, dried under vacuum to constant weight, and finally purified, passing its DMF solution through alumina columns to remove Cu and other residues. Carbon was synthesized in a tubular furnace (Carbolite, Sheffield, UK) operating under O2 or N2 flow.
All the polymer syntheses were carried out by copper-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in EC or 2CNP, using BPN or bromine-terminated PAN as initiators for homopolymerization and copolymerization, respectively, following previously reported procedures [19 (link),20 (link)]. At the end of the polymerization, the reaction mixture was dissolved in DMF, and the polymer was precipitated in a methanol/2-propanol (3/1 v/v) mixture. The polymer was filtered, washed several times with methanol and water, dried under vacuum to constant weight, and finally purified, passing its DMF solution through alumina columns to remove Cu and other residues. Carbon was synthesized in a tubular furnace (Carbolite, Sheffield, UK) operating under O2 or N2 flow.
6
Characterization of Monsor Red Fruit
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The main raw material in this study was a clone of red fruits, with the local name of Monsor, obtained from the Experimental Farm, The University of Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Red fruits were harvested at optimum maturity, characterized by the leaf sheath of the fruit has opened and 50% of the leaf has dried out and the fruit already developed full grain (pithy) with dark red color. The harvested red fruit was left at room temperature for 2 days to soften the flesh of fruit as well as facilitate the separation of grain from the pith easily.
Chemicals used for the analysis with analytical grade levels consist of phosphate buffer, p-nitrophenilbutyrate and p-nitrophenol from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (MO, USA), sodium hydroxyde, phenolphthalein, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), hexane, toluene, ethanol, 2,2 bipyridine and FeCl 3 .6H 2 O were obtained from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. While the α-tocopherol standard was purchased from Wako Pure Industries, Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
Chemicals used for the analysis with analytical grade levels consist of phosphate buffer, p-nitrophenilbutyrate and p-nitrophenol from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (MO, USA), sodium hydroxyde, phenolphthalein, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), hexane, toluene, ethanol, 2,2 bipyridine and FeCl 3 .6H 2 O were obtained from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. While the α-tocopherol standard was purchased from Wako Pure Industries, Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
7
Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymers
8
Characterization of Metal-Organic Complexes
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Dinitrato trihydrate salt of Cu(II) and dinitrato hexahydrate salt of Zinc(II), 2,2′-bipyridine, and 9-anthracenaldehyde were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chem. Co. and used as received without further purification. The solvents were purchased from E. Merck and were freshly distilled prior to their use. IR (KBr disc, 400-4000 cm -1 ) spectra were recorded on a Varian FTIR 3100 spectrometer; elemental analysis was carried out using Carbo-Erba 1108 elemental analyzer, UV-visible (UV-vis) were recorded on a Jasco V-630 spectrometer. However, 1 H NMR spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 using JEOL AL 300 MHz spectrometer and TMS was used as internal reference. ESI-MS measurements were performed by using a Waters Q-TOF Premier mass spectrometer. ESR spectrum of Cu(II) complex was recorded at 273 K and 77 K on a Varian E-line Century Series ESR spectrometer equipped with a dual cavity and operating at X-band of 100 kHz modulation frequency. Tetracyanoethylene was used as the field marker (g = 2.00277).
9
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Reagents
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All chemicals were used as received unless specified otherwise. HEMA (97%, Sigma-Aldrich), GMA (≥97%, Sigma-Aldrich), CuBr (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), CuBr 2 (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2,2′-bipyridine (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich), NaN 3 (ReagentPlus, ≥99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), (+)-sodium l-ascorbate (crystalline, ≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich), copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (P.A., PENTA s.r.o.), acetone (P.A. ISO reagent, Lachner), This website utilizes technologies such as cookies to enable essential site functionality, as well as for analytics, personalization, and targeted advertising. To learn more, view the following link: Privacy Policy anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (≥99.8%, for peptide synthesis, Carl Roth), ethanol for highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC-grade,≥99.8%, Fisher Scientific), toluene (anhydrous, ≥99.8%, VWR Chemicals), 4-pentyonic acid (95%, ABCR GmbH, Germany) were purchased and used without further purification. The trichlorosilane-based ATRP initiator, highly reactive toward silanol Si OH groups, [11-(2bromo-2-methyl)propionyloxy]undecyltrichlorosilane was synthesized according to the previously reported protocol. [74]
10
Extraction and Characterization of Blueberry Anthocyanins
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The blueberry anthocyanins were extracted from Rabbiteye blueberries (Lishui Town, Nanjing, China) [53 (link)] and stored at −18 °C at the Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) solvents potassium chloride and acetonitrile were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and TEDIA (Fairfield, OH, USA), respectively. Ferritin (from horse spleen), MOPS buffer, 2,2-bipyridine, and bovine serum protein (BSA) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and protein-assay kits were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Company (Beijing, China). The reagents used in the experiment are all of analytical grade.
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