The detailed method and DNA primer sequences were described previously [7 (
link)]. RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells and CT26.WT murine colorectal cancer cells (CRL-2638) were purchased from RIKEN BRC (Tsukuba, Japan) and American Type Cell Collection (Manassas, VA, USA), respectively. CT26 cells (4 × 10
6) were grown in T75 flask with 20 mL of RPMI medium containing 10% FBS for 3 days. The culture medium (CT26-CM) was collected and centrifuged at 400
g for 5 min. RAW264.7 cells (2.4 × 10
5) were incubated in 24-well plate in the presence or absence of KS-133 (KS-133 concentration = 1, 3, or 10 μM, DMSO concentration = 0.1%) with 20% CT26-CM/DMEM for 3 days. During the incubation, medium containing KS-133 was replaced every day. mRNA extraction was performed using
ISOGEN (Nippon Gene, Tokyo, Japan) on day 3 after CT26-CM incubation, and cDNA was prepared. The gene expression of M1 markers (
TNF-α,
iNOS,
CXCL10), M2 markers (
Mrc-1,
IL-1rn,
CCL22), and
β-actin was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a
7300 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA,) and
Light Cycler Fast Start DNA Master kit (Applied Biosystems). The relative mRNA expression was determined using the 2
−ΔΔCt method. ΔΔCt was calculated using control group data.
Sakamoto K., Kittikulsuth W., Miyako E., Steeve A., Ishimura R., Nakagawa S., Ago Y, & Nishiyama A. (2023). The VIPR2-selective antagonist KS-133 changes macrophage polarization and exerts potent anti-tumor effects as a single agent and in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody. PLOS ONE, 18(7), e0286651.