D8 advance instrument

The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP₂₄₀₀₀) was purchased from Aladdin Reagents. The manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂·4H₂O, 99.99%) and 2-methylimidazole (98%) were both purchased from Macklin Inc. Oligonucleotides were purchased from Tsingke Biotech. Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China) with the sequence information shown in Table 1. Ultrapure water (18.25 MΩ⋅cm, 25°C) was used to prepare all solutions. All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent grade and were used without further purification. The CRISPR/Cas12a assay kit purchasing from EZassay Biotech. Co. Ltd. (Shenzhen, China) was used in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines unless otherwise stated. The ultrasonication cleaner, Elmasonic S 60, was purchased from Elma Co. Ltd., Germany. The centrifuge used in this work was a Sigma 3-30k (Sigma, Germany). Fluorescence photos were taken by Quantum ST5 (Vilber Lourmat Co. Ltd., France) and the corresponding quantitative measurements were performed with an LightCycler 480II (Roche Ltd., Switzerland). HRTEM images and EDS Mapping data were both taken under a Talos F200X microscope (FEI Electronics, U.S.A.). AFM images were obtained with Demension icon and XRD data were collected using a D8 Advance instrument (both Bruker, Germany). UV-VIS-NIR curve was measured by UH4150 (Hitachi, Japan). Zeta potential was taken by an Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern, England).

The FTIR spectra were recorded using a Nicolet Magna 560 FTIR instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) with a diamond attenuated total reflectance.
X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on a Bruker D8 ADVANCE instrument with copper target radiation. The acceleration voltage was 50 kV, the scanning range 2θ was from 10° to 50°, the scanning speed was 5°/min, and the tube current was 40 mA. Crystallinity was calculated according to the following formula.
$$\mathrm{CrI}=\left[\frac{{\mathrm{I}}_{200}-{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{am}}}{{\mathrm{I}}_{200}}\right]\times 100$$
In the formula, I₂₀₀ is the peak intensity of the diffraction of the main crystal plane at 22.7°; I_am is the diffraction intensity of the amorphous region at Angle 2θ close to 18°.
The morphology of the pretreated cotton fibers in different growth stages was observed using a JSM-7500F scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) at 15 kV.
TEM observation on the CNFs was performed using Thermo Fisher FEI Quanta FEG 450 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) at 120 KV acceleration voltage. A drop (5 µL) of diluted CNFs slurry was dropped on a carbon-coated electron microscope grid, and then negatively stained with 1 wt.% phosphotungstic acid solution to enhance the contrast of the image. The size of the nanofibrilated cellulose was measured by transmission electron microscope.

The Bruker D8 Advance instrument was used for X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. The Jeol JEM-1010 electron microscope with iTEM software was used for the TEM study. High-resolution TEM images were recorded with Jeol JEM 2100 Electron Microscope. A JEOL JSM-6100 microscope was used for both SEM and EDX studies. The DeltaNu advantage 532™ Raman instrument was used for Raman spectra.

All fluorescence spectra were obtained by Synergy H1 full-function microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) images were obtained using a Talos F200X electron microscope. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR, Nicolet Instruments, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) spectra (400–4000 cm⁻¹) were obtained on IS10 spectrometer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was carried out by ESCALAB 250Xi spectrometer. Fluorescence lifetime was recorded via FLS1000 fluorescence spectrometer (Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, UK). X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) analysis using a D8 ADVANCE instrument using Cu K_α (λ = 0.15405 nm).

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained by a Bruker D8 ADVANCE instrument using Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.15405 nm, 40 KV × 60 mA) from 10° to 80° (2θ) with a scanning rate of 0.02°/s. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was obtained by a Thermo ESCALAB 250XI with a monochromated Al Ka X-ray source. A Bruker ALPHA-T Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to record the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) of the samples, with a range from 400 to 4000 cm⁻¹ using the KBr pellet at room temperature. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurement was used to determine the specific surface area of samples (Quantachrome Instruments Quadrasorb SI, United States Quantachrome Co., Ltd, Boulder, CO, USA). Using a 100 kV accelerating voltage, a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JSM-6700) was used to characterize the morphologies of the samples. A UV-vis spectrophotometer was used to generate diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) (SHIMADZU, UV-2550). Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was performed at room temperature using a Hitachi F-4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer.