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Xylazine

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Xylazine is a sedative and analgesic agent commonly used in veterinary medicine. It is a non-narcotic drug that acts on the central nervous system to produce a calming effect and pain relief in animals. Xylazine is typically used in a variety of procedures, including anesthesia, sedation, and pain management, for various animal species.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ketamine, by Vedco (13 mentions) Ketamine, by Zoetis (11 mentions) Acepromazine, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (8 mentions) Ketamine hydrochloride, by Vedco (7 mentions) Acepromazine, by Vedco (5 mentions) Polybead microspheres, by Polysciences (5 mentions) Nanofil syringe, by World Precision Instruments (3 mentions) C57bl 6j mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (3 mentions) Proparacaine hydrochloride, by Akorn (3 mentions) Acetyl β methacholine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Euthasol, by Virbac (2 mentions) Stereotaxic frame, by Stoelting (2 mentions) Vldlr mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (2 mentions) Db db bks cg leprdb j mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (2 mentions) Male brown norway rats, by Charles River Laboratories (2 mentions) Ketamine hydrochloride, by Pfizer (1 mentions) Goat anti mouse igg hrp, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions) F4 80, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions) Goat anti rabbit igg hrp, by Abcam (1 mentions) Biotinylated goat anti rat, by Vector Laboratories (1 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Ketamine/xylazine (3 citations) Xylazine hydrochloride (3 citations)

48 protocols using xylazine

1

AAV Injections in Mouse Hippocampus

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Adult (8–13 weeks old) male C57Bl/6J mice were anaesthetized via intraperitoneal injection with 100 mg kg−1 ketamine hydrochloride (Pfizer, New York, NY) and 10 mg kg−1 xylazine (Vedco, Inc., St Joseph, MO). After mounting the mouse in the stereotaxic apparatus, a midline skin incision was made, and small holes were drilled into the skull above the target injection sites. Syringes (Hamilton, Reno, NV) with 33-gauge needles were guided to the target coordinates, and 1 μl AAV was delivered over 4 min with an additional 6 min allowance for diffusion before slowly withdrawing the syringes. Syringes were placed at a 10° angle, and bilateral coordinates relative to Bregma were as follows: CA3: −1.9 mm anteroposterior, +3.5 mm lateral, −2.1 mm dorsoventral; CA1: −1.9 mm anteroposterior, +2.0 mm lateral, −1.8 mm dorsoventral; and dentate gyrus: −1.7 mm anteroposterior, +1.7 mm lateral, −2.0 mm dorsoventral. Before surgery and after recovery, mice were group-housed with a maximum of four siblings and kept on a 12-h light/dark cycle with ad libitum food and water. Mice were chosen at random within a cage to receive control or experimental AAV injections. All procedures were approved by the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Crawford D.C., Ramirez D.M., Trauterman B., Monteggia L.M, & Kavalali E.T. (2017). Selective molecular impairment of spontaneous neurotransmission modulates synaptic efficacy. Nature Communications, 8, 14436.
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2

Quality Control of 99mTc-Labeled 800CW-Tilmanocept

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The preparation and quality control of 99mTc-labeled 800CW-tilmanocept was performed using a previously described method (18 (link)). The 800CW-tilmanocept used in this study consisted of an average of 1.5 IRDye800CW molecules covalently attached to each tilmanocept molecule. The resulting molecular weight was approximately 18,000 g/mol. Quality control before each animal study was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and instant thin-layer chromatography; both methods used fluorescence and radioactivity detection. Acceptance criteria required that both the radiochemical purity and the fluorescence purity be greater than 97%.
Our animal protocol was approved by the University of California, San Diego, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and the research staff was appropriately trained. We anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits with ketamine (Fort Dodge Animal Health) and xylazine (Vedco Inc.). The 0.10-mL injections each contained 3.7–7.4 MBq (0.10–0.20 mC) of 99mTc and 1 of 2 quantities of fluorescence-labeled tilmanocept (1.7 or 8.4 nmol). Each volume was administered to both hind footpads of each rabbit with a 28-gauge needle. We monitored the rabbits after anesthesia visually and with an oximeter that measures heart rate and functional oxygen saturation.
Liss M.A., Farshchi-Heydari S., Qin Z., Hickey S.A., Hall D.J., Kane C.J, & Vera D.R. (2014). Preclinical Evaluation of Robotic-Assisted Sentinel Lymph Node Fluorescence Imaging. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 55(9), 1552-1556.
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3

Molecular Markers in Liver Injury

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Olive oil and carbon tetrachloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and Buprenex (buprenorphine HCL) was manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare (UK, Ltd, Hull England) and distributed by Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Inc (Richmond, VA). The anesthetic used was a mixture containing Ketamine (Akom, Inc, Decator, IL), Xylazine (KetaVed, VedCO, Inc., St. Joseph, MO), and Acepromazine (VedCO, Inc).
Primary antibodies used include: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1, ab28146, AbCam, Cambridge, MA), Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, clone PC10, EMD-Millipore, Billerica, MA), Cyclin D1 (CCND1, clone 92g2, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA, clone 1A4, AbCam), Ki67 (ab66155, AbCam), Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, clone 14C10, Cell Signaling), F4/80 (Bio-Rad, MCA497), NQO1 (Sigma-Aldrich, N5288), goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (sc-2005, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA), goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (ab97080, AbCam), biotinylated goat anti-rat (Vector), and donkey anti-rabbit IgG-Alexa Flour 488 conjugate (a-21206, Life Technologies, Waltham, MA).
McCracken J.M., Chalise P., Briley S.M., Dennis K.L., Jiang L., Duncan F.E, & Pritchard M.T. (2017). C57BL/6 Substrains Exhibit Different Responses to Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Exposure: Implications for Work Involving Transgenic Mice. Gene Expression, 17(3), 187-205.
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4

Synthesis and Storage of GTS-21 Compound

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GTS-21 dihydrochloride (MW 381) was synthesized as previously described20 (link) and stored in the dark in a tightly sealed container before use. The anesthetics ketamine and xylazine were purchased from Vedco Inc. (St. Joseph, MO) and Lloyd Inc. (Shenandoah, IW), respectively. Buprenorphine was obtained from Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Richmond, VA). The Stat-3 (5, 15)-DPP) and Stat-5 inhibitors were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI), respectively.
Khan M.A., Khan M.F., Kashiwagi S., Kem W.R., Yasuhara S., Kaneki M., Tompkins R.G, & Jeevendra Martyn J.A. (2017). An Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist (GTS-21) Promotes C2C12 Myonuclear Accretion in Association with Release of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Improves Survival in Burned Mice. Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 48(2), 227-235.
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5

Perfusion, Cryopreservation, and Sectioning of Mouse Brains

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Mice were deeply anesthetized with 200 mg/kg ketamine and 20 mg/kg xylazine (Vedco) and transcardially perfused with ice-cold PBS followed by 4% PFA. Brains were dissected out and post-fixed overnight in 4% PFA at 4°C, cryopreserved in 30% sucrose in PBS for 24 h at 4°C, embedded in 10% gelatin, fixed/cryopreserved in 15% sucrose/2% PFA in PBS overnight, and flash frozen in 2-methyl butane on dry ice. Coronal sections were cut using a cryostat (Leica Microsystems CM3050S, or Microm) at 25 or 40 μm. Sections were mounted directly in Vectashield containing DAPI (Vector Labs) or ProLong Diamond containing DAPI (Life Technologies), or stored at -80°C.
Cheetham C.E., Grier B.D, & Belluscio L. (2015). Bulk regional viral injection in neonatal mice enables structural and functional interrogation of defined neuronal populations throughout targeted brain areas. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 9, 72.
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6

Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Model in Rats

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Care and use of all animals in this study were in strict agreement with the guidelines in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals set forth by the University of Oklahoma. Brown Norway rats from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA) were used for OIR model following an established protocol (Smith et al., 1994 (link)). Newborn rats (along with their nursing mothers) were exposed to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12 in a Plexiglass chamber connected to an oxygen regulator (Pro-Ox, model 110; Reming Bioinstruments, Redfield, NY). At P12, the rats were returned to room air. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride and 5 mg/kg xylazine (Vedco, St. Joseph, MO) and received an intravitreal injection of 20 µg PEDF34-NP through a 32-gauge needle (Hamilton Co., Reno, NV) under a dissecting microscope, with the same amount of empty PGLA-NP control served as the control group. The rats were euthanized at P16 for Western blot analysis and permeability assay or sacrificed at P18 for retinal neovascularization examination.
Qu Q., Park K., Zhou K., Wassel D., Farjo R., Criswell T., Ma J.X, & Zhang Y. (2022). Sustained therapeutic effect of an anti-inflammatory peptide encapsulated in nanoparticles on ocular vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 10, 1049678.
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7

Analyzing Influenza Lung Physiology in Mice

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For analysis of lung physiology upon influenza virus infections, animals were anesthetized with 1 mg/ml xylazine (Vedco) and 7 mg/ml Euthasol (Virbac) prior to surgical intubation and attachment to the flexiVent FX1 small animal ventilator (SCIREQ). Using the “mouse inhaled dose response” script, baseline and responses to 25 mg/ml acetyl-β-methacholine (Sigma-Aldrich) were gathered. Software-generated values for the respiratory system resistance (Rrs), compliance (Crs), and elastance (Ers) and Newtonian resistance (Rn), tissue damping (G), and tissue elastance (H) were recorded. The mean for each was calculated for each animal prior to obtaining the mean and SD of the mean for the group.
Hrincius E.R., Liedmann S., Finkelstein D., Vogel P., Gansebom S., Samarasinghe A.E., You D., Cormier S.A, & McCullers J.A. (2015). Acute Lung Injury Results from Innate Sensing of Viruses by an ER Stress Pathway. Cell Reports, 11(10), 1591-1603.
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8

Lung Physiology Analysis in Influenza

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For analysis of lung physiology upon influenza virus infections, animals were anesthetized with 1 mg/ml xylazine (Vedco) and 7 mg/ml Euthasol (Virbac) prior to surgical intubation and attachment to the flexiVent FX1 small animal ventilator (SCIREQ). Using the “mouse inhaled dose response” script, baseline and responses to 25 mg/ml acetyl-β-methacholine (Sigma-Aldrich) were gathered. Software-generated values for the respiratory system resistance (Rrs), compliance (Crs), and elastance (Ers) and Newtonian resistance (Rn), tissue damping (G), and tissue elastance (H) were recorded. The mean for each was calculated for each animal prior to obtaining the mean and SD of the mean for the group.
Hrincius E.R., Liedmann S., Finkelstein D., Vogel P., Gansebom S., Samarasinghe A.E., You D., Cormier S.A, & McCullers J.A. (2015). Acute Lung Injury Results from Innate Sensing of Viruses by an ER Stress Pathway. Cell Reports, 11(10), 1591-1603.
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9

Kindling-induced Seizure Susceptibility

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Bipolar electrode units (Plastic One Inc., Roanoke, VA, U.S.A.) were implanted in the dorsal right hippocampus (coordinates: 2.3 mm caudal to bregma; 1.75 mm lateral to midline; 2.00 mm ventral to dura) and ground wire was placed on the occipital bone, guided by stereotaxic procedure under anesthesia induced by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride: xylazine (200 mg/kg: 10 mg/kg; Vedco). One week after surgery, kindling was achieved by sub-convulsive electrical stimulation at 30-min intervals (six stimulations per 10-s train containing 50-Hz biphasic pulses of 100-lA amplitude. To test the seizure susceptibility responses, sub-convulsive electrical stimulations (as during kindling) were given 1 week after kindling (rekindling).
Musto A.E., Rosencrans R.F., Walker C.P., Bhattacharjee S., Raulji C.M., Belayev L., Fang Z., Gordon W.C, & Bazan N.G. (2016). Dysfunctional epileptic neuronal circuits and dysmorphic dendritic spines are mitigated by platelet-activating factor receptor antagonism. Scientific Reports, 6, 30298.
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10

Solid-Phase Synthesis of HAV Peptide

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The HAV peptide used in this study was synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis with Fmoc-chemistry as previously reported.10 (link), 14 (link) The peptide was cleaved from the resin using a standard method, and purified by reversed-phase HPLC using a C18 semi-preparative column. The pure fractions were pooled and lyophilized. The purity of the peptide used was >96% as determined by analytical HPLC using a C18 analytical column. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine were purchased from Vedco, Inc. (St. Joseph, MO) and Akorn, Inc. (Decatur, IL), respectively. Gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Gd-DTPA) contrast agent used for MRI was obtained from Bayer Healthcare (Leverkusen, Germany). All other reagents and solvents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO).
Tabanor K., Lee P., Kiptoo P., Choi I.Y., Sherry E.B., Eagle C.S., Williams T.D, & Siahaan T.J. (2016). Brain Delivery of Drug and MRI Contrast Agent: Detection and Quantitative Determination of Brain Deposition of CPT-Glu Using LC-MS/MS and Gd-DTPA Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Molecular pharmaceutics, 13(2), 379-390.
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