Ketone monitoring system

Blood glucose was measured at least every 4 h after admission to the ICU and no less than 6 times per day. Capillary blood glucose was measured using Abbott's FreeStyle Optium Blood Glucose and Ketone Monitoring System (Abbott Diabetes Care, Oxon, UK). Patients receiving continuous intravenous insulin had their blood glucose measured hourly or more often as required. Blood glucose levels during ICU hospitalization were recorded, and Microsoft Excel software was used to calculate the TIR, coefficient of variation (CV), mean blood glucose (MBG), and standard deviation (SD) for each patient. The TIR is defined as the percentage of time spent in the target blood glucose range of 3.9–10.0 mmol/L within 24 h [8 (link)]. Glycemic variability is expressed as the CV of blood glucose. The CV is defined as the standard deviation of blood glucose divided by the corresponding mean blood glucose (SD\MBG). According to the guidelines of the ADA in 2014, the blood glucose target range for critically ill patients is 3.9–10.0 mmol/L [15 (link)]. A common blood sugar control goal and a uniform insulin infusion standard to maintain blood sugar within the target range were adopted for the patients. Nutritional support standards were managed uniformly according to the ESPEN/ASPEN guidelines [16 (link),17 (link)].