Mg stearate

Nebivolol HCl (NEB) (2,2′-Azanediylbis(1-(6-fluorochroman-2-yl) ethanol) hydrochloride) was a kind gift from Menarini S.p.a. (L’Aquila, Italy). Beta-cyclodextrin (βCD) was from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydroxypropyl-βCD (HPβCD, average substitution degree 0.62) was kindly supplied by Roquette (Lestrem, France), and sulfobutylether-βCD (Dexolve^®) (SBEβCD, average substitution degree 6.5) was a kind gift from Cyclolab Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary). Randomly substituted methyl-βCD (RAMEB, average substitution degree 1.8) was from Wacker Chemie (München, Germany). Explotab^® (sodium starch glycolate) was from JRS Pharma (Rosenberg, Germany), and Mg stearate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K90, mannitol and CaHPO₄ were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical reagent grade.

HPMC K4, Carbopol 934P, HPMC K15, NaHCO₃, Mg stearate and citric acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. The silymarin standard was gifted by Nutrabiotics, Peshawar. Methanol and Acetonitrile HPLC grade were purchased from Fisher, UK.

We used the dry mangosteen peel powder obtained from Subang, Indonesia, ethanol 96% (PT. Brataco, Indonesia), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), citric acid (PT. Brataco, Indonesia), sodium citrate (PT. Brataco, Indonesia), xanthan gum (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), sucrose (PT. Brataco, Indonesia), carboxymethylcellulose sodium (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), Mg stearate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), Amprotab (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), talcum (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and lactose (PT. Brataco, Indonesia).