In125 r

ECG and noninvasive blood pressure were measured during the examinations. The 3-channel ECG was derived noninvasively via electrodes integrated into the rat-handling platform. The heart rate (HR) was determined from the ECG by identifying the QRS complexes. Noninvasive blood pressure was measured using an inflatable tail cuff with a pulse sensor (IN125/R, ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK) that was connected to a data acquisition unit (PowerLab, ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA). For data recording and analysis, Lab Chart (Lab Chart Pro 8.1, ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK) was used. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were identified from the pulse signal.

After induction of anesthesia, rats were placed in a supine position, and cardiovascular monitoring consisting of pulse oximetry for SpO2 measurement, ECG and noninvasive measurement of NIBP was established.
Pulse oximetry was placed at the rodent’s paw by means of a commercially available infrared system (Radical-7, Masimo, Puchheim, Germany). A 3-channel ECG according to Eindhoven/Goldberger was derived using needle electrodes and a differential amplifier (BioAmp FE231, ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK). In addition, NIBP measurement was performed using a commercially available device (IN125/R, ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK) consisting of an inflatable tail cuff system in combination with a pulse sensor.
All parameters were measured and recorded during the entire time of surgery and stored for further analysis using Labchart (ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK).

Following induction of anesthesia, rats were positioned supine and monitoring was established, consisting of pulse oximetry for blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) measurement, electrocardiography (ECG), and noninvasive measurement of blood pressure (NIBP). Pulse oximetry was applied to the paw of the rodents using a commercially available infrared system (Radical-7, Masimo, Puchheim, Germany). A 3-lead Eindhoven/Goldberger ECG was derived using needle electrodes and a differential amplifier (BioAmp FE231, ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK). In addition, NIBP was measured during first and second surgery with a commercially available device (IN125/R, ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK) using an inflatable tail cuff in combination with a pulse sensor, to detect hypotension, as a consequence of hypovolemia or very deep anesthesia. Maintenance of adequate body temperature was ensured by a feedback-controlled heating pad (TCAT-2LV controller, Physitemp, Clifton, NJ, USA) with a rectal probe.
All parameters were measured and recorded throughout every procedure and stored for further analysis using Labchart (ADInstruments Ltd., Oxford, UK).