Diethylene glycol

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Diethylene glycol is a clear, colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid. It is primarily used as a chemical intermediate in the production of other compounds.

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10 protocols using diethylene glycol

Surface Tension Characterization by Contact Angle

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Advancing contact angles were measured using an Advanced Goniometer
(Rame-Hart Instrument Co., Model 500) at room temperature and analyzed by a drop
shape analysis method (ImageJ, http://imagej.net/Downloads). Seven different probe liquids were
used to obtain the gradient’s position dependant surface tension using
the Zisman method: ultrapure water (18 MΩ cm⁻¹),
propylene glycol (≥ 99.5 %, Sigma Aldrich), tetraethylene glycol (99 %,
Alfa Aesar), di ethylene glycol (99 %, Alfa Aesar), triethylene glycol (99 %,
Alfa Aesar), ethylene glycol (99 %, Sigma Aldrich), and glycerol (99 %, Sigma
Aldrich). Data for each probe liquid was collected from five equidistant points
on the surface of each substrate at 3 mm intervals for 18 × 18
mm² samples, 5 mm intervals for 18 × 30 mm²samples, and 10 mm intervals for 18 × 50 mm² samples. Standard
uncertainty was determined by standard error calculations between measurements
on three samples prepared under identical conditions with each measurement
performed at a virgin site of the analyzed material and taken after a 5-15 sec
equilibration period. Small droplet volumes of 2 μL were used to minimize
the effect of gravity on the measurements.

Motta C.M., Endres K.J., Wesdemiotis C., Willits R.K, & Becker M.L. (2019). Enhancing Schwann Cell Migration Using Concentration Gradients of Laminin Derived-peptides. Biomaterials, 218, 119335.

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Synthesis and Modification of Nanoparticles

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Chemicals for the nanoparticle synthesis were purchased and used without further purification: ethanol absolut (VWR), diethylene glycol (99%, Alfa Aesar), N-methyl-2,2‘-iminodiethanol (Merck), sodium hydroxide pellets (Merck), Hydrochloric acid solution (in water 1 M, Grüssing GmbH), Sodium hydroxide solution (in water 1 M, Grüssing GmbH), acetone (technical grade, Carl Roth GmbH), iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (Glentham Life Sciences) and iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (puriss. p.a. reag., ≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich). Ligands for the nanoparticle modification were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate (≥99%), L-lysine monohydrochloride (BioUltra, ≥99.5% (AT)); 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (99%); 4-aminobenzoic acid (Reagent Plus, ≥ 99%); DL-Lactic Acid (~90%), phosphacholine chloride calcium salt tetrahydrate (Sigma grade); cysteamin (> 98%); L-(+)-tartaric acid (99%), from Alfa Aesar L-Arginine (98%), L-(−)-malic acid (99%), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (99%), (±) Mandelic Acid (99%) and from Grüssing GmbH trisodium citrate dihydrate.

Thomä S.L., Krauss S.W., Eckardt M., Chater P, & Zobel M. (2019). Atomic insight into hydration shells around facetted nanoparticles. Nature Communications, 10, 995.

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Cerium Compounds for α-Glucosidase Inhibition

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For the synthesis, cerium(iii) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, 99%), cerium(iii) chloride heptahydrate (CeCl₃·7H₂O, 99%), and cerium acetate hydrate (Ce(CH₃COO)₃, 99%) and cerium(iv) oxide were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Diethylene glycol (C₄H₁₀O₃, 99%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Throughout the reaction, double distilled water (purified using Aquatron, England) was used. For α-glucosidase inhibition activity of CeO₂, α-glucosidase (≥50 units per mg protein), (PNPG, C₁₂H₁₅NO₈, 99%), acarbose (C₂₅H₄₃NO₁₈, ≥95%), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, ≥99.5%), sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate (Na₂HPO₄·7H₂O) and sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaHPO₄·H₂O, ≥99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The cytotoxicity tests were carried out using MTT assay (3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and RAW 264.7 cell lines (mouse macrophage) obtained from American Type of Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA); penicillin/streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) from GIBCO™, Invitrogen Corporation, USA; and dimethyl sulfoxide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Matussin S.N., Khan F., Chandika P., Harunsani M.H., Ahmad N., Kim Y.M., Jung W.K, & Khan M.M. (2023). Effects of NO3−, Cl−, and CH3COO− anions and diethylene glycol on the morphological, structural, antidiabetic, and cell viability properties of CeO2 nanoparticles. RSC Advances, 13(23), 15421-15436.

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Synthesis and Evaluation of CeO2 Nanoparticles

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For the synthesis
of CeO₂ NPs, cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, 99%), cerium(III) chloride
heptahydrate (CeCl₃·7H₂O, 99%), and cerium
acetate hydrate (Ce(CH₃COO)₃·H₂O, 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Commercial CeO₂ (C-com) used for comparison was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Diethylene
glycol (C₄H₁₀O₃, 99%) as a solvent
in the synthesis was purchased from Alfa-Aesar. Double-distilled water
that has been purified (Aquatron, England) was used throughout the
experiment. α-Glucosidase (≥50 units/mg protein), 4-nitrophenyl
α-d-glucopyranose (PNPG, C₁₂H₁₅NO₈, 99%), acarbose (C₂₅H₄₃NO₁₈, ≥95%), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, ≥99.5%), sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaHPO₄·H₂O, ≥99%), and sodium phosphate dibasic
heptahydrate (Na₂HPO₄·7H₂O)
were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich for the α-Glucosidase inhibitory
study. RAW 264.7 cell lines (mouse macrophage) were purchased from
the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD) for the
cytotoxicity investigation. Sigma-Aldrich supplied the cytotoxicity
assays penicillin, streptomycin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), dimethyl
sulfoxide, and MTT (3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2–5-diphenyl
tetrazolium bromide.

Matussin S.N., Khan F., Chandika P., Harunsani M.H., Ahmad N., Kim Y.M., Jung W.K, & Khan M.M. (2023). α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Cytotoxicity of CeO2 Nanoparticles Fabricated Using a Mixture of Different Cerium Precursors. ACS Omega, 9(1), 157-165.

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Synthesis of Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles

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Gadolinium (III) chloride hexahydrate (GdCl₃·6H₂O), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, CH₃(CH₂)₁₅N(CH₃)₃Br), diethylene glycol, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA). Methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and toluene were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2-[Methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane was purchased from Gelest (Morrisville, PA). Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin–streptomycin (pen-strep) were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY).

Sweeney S.K., Luo Y., O’Donnell M.A, & Assouline J. (2016). Nanotechnology and cancer: improving real-time monitoring and staging of bladder cancer with multimodal mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Cancer Nanotechnology, 7, 3.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc-Copper Oxides

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Zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(ac)₂.2H₂O, 99–101%] was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Copper(II) acetylacetonate [Cu(acac)₂, 98%], benzylalcohol (BnOH, 99%) and diethylene glycol (DEG, 99%, extra pure) were purchased from Acros. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, 99%) was purchased from Fluka. The Super P carbon black and the poly(vinylidene difluoride) binder (PVDF, Kynar) were purchased from Imerys (Switzerland) and Arkema, respectively. All chemicals were used as received. The Li metal counter electrode (≥ 99.9%, 0.75 mm thickness), the glass fibre separator and the LP30 electrolyte were purchased from Alfa Aesar, Whatman UK and BASF, respectively. Such an electrolyte contains 1 M LiPF₆ dissolved in a 1:1 weight ratio of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.

Bargardi F.L., Billaud J., Villevieille C., Bouville F, & Studart A.R. (2020). Architectured ZnO–Cu particles for facile manufacturing of integrated Li-ion electrodes. Scientific Reports, 10, 12401.

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Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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Nitric acid (HNO 3 , 70%) was from Fisher, ethyl acetate (>99.5%) was from Sigma Aldrich, acetone (technical grade), ethanol (96%), and diethyl ether (100%) were from VWR. Nmethyldiethanolamine (NMDEA, 99%) was from Acros Organics, diethylene glycol (DEG, 99%), sodium hydroxide microprills (NaOH, 98%), iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ⋅9H 2 O, >98%), and iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl 2 ⋅4H 2 O, 98%) were from Alfa Aesar. Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl 3 ⋅6H 2 O, >97%) was from Panreac.

Hemery G., Keyes AC J.r., Garaio E., Rodrigo I., Garcia J.A., Plazaola F., Garanger E, & Sandre O. (2017). Tuning Sizes, Morphologies, and Magnetic Properties of Monocore Versus Multicore Iron Oxide Nanoparticles through the Controlled Addition of Water in the Polyol Synthesis. Inorganic chemistry, 56(14).

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Synthesis of Perovskite-Based Electrocatalysts

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All chemicals were used as they were received from manufacturers. Lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate (99.995%), strontium(II) nitrate hexahydrate (99%), nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate (99%), iron(III) nitrate non-ahydrate (99.99%), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (TMAOH, 99%), diethylene glycol (DEG, 99.99%), citric acid monohydrate, 2-propanol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Absolute 200 proof ethanol was obtained from Aaper Alcohol. 5 wt % Nafion solution in lower alcohols and IrO₂ powder were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Millipore high-purity water (DI water, 18 MΩ) was used in all experiments and synthesis and research grade, 99.999% purity oxygen and argon gases were purchased from Praxair. Vulcan XC72 carbon (VC) was purchased from Cabot Corporation and ball-milled prior to use.

Forslund R.P., Hardin W.G., Rong X., Abakumov A.M., Filimonov D., Alexander C.T., Mefford J.T., Iyer H., Kolpak A.M., Johnston K.P, & Stevenson K.J. (2018). Exceptional electrocatalytic oxygen evolution via tunable charge transfer interactions in La0.5Sr1.5Ni1−xFexO4±δ Ruddlesden-Popper oxides. Nature Communications, 9, 3150.

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Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Analysis

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Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS),
vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), urea, polyethylene glycol (PEG, M_n = 10,000), 4-vinylphenylboronic acid (VPBA),
4-vinylphenylsulfonic acid sodium salt (VPSA), α,α′-azoisobutyronitrile
(AIBN), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), formic acid, ammonium
acetate, 1-butanol (containing 3 M hydrogen chloride), standards of
monosaccharides [d-ribose (Rib), 2-deoxy-d-ribose
(Deo), l-rhamnose (Rha), d-mannose (Man), d-glucose (Glu), d-galactose (Gal), and d-fructose
(Fru)] and amino acids [l-asparagine (Asp), l-proline
(Pro), l-valine (Val), l-glutamine (Gln), l-tyrosine (Tyr), l-methionine (Met), and l-phenylalanine
(Phe)], and a deuterated standard (d-glu-¹³C₆) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO). The other three deuterated standards (l-val-d₁, l-val-d₈, and d-glu-d₂) were purchased
from C/D/N isotopes (Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada). Optima water,
methanol, acetic acid, chloroform, diethylene glycol, and acetonitrile
were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). Oasis MCX cartridges
(6 cc, 150 mg) were purchased from Waters (Milford, MA). Empty syringe
cartridges (60 mL) were purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa
Clara, CA). The melamine–formaldehyde sponges (RioRand) were
purchased from Amazon.

Qiu J., Craven C.B., Wawryk N.J., Ouyang G, & Li X.F. (2022). Unique On-Site Spinning Sampling of Highly Water-Soluble Organics Using Functionalized Monolithic Sorbents. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(12), 8094-8102.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Terephthalic
acid (TA),
2-aminoterephthalic acid (ATA), 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid (34DABA),
iron (III) acetylacetonate, iron (II) chloride, potassium hexacyanoferrate,
iron (III) chloride, and trypan blue are procured from Sigma-Aldrich.
Trimesic acid (TMA), 4-aminobenzoic acid (4ABA), and pyromellitic
acid (PMA) are obtained from Alfa Aeser. 1,4-Diaminobenzene (14DAB)
is obtained from CDH chemicals. Ammonium persulfate (APS), potassium
thiocyanate (KSCN), triethylene glycol (TEG), NH₄OH, diethylene
glycol (DEG), glycerol (GC), ethylene glycol (EG), HCl (37%), and
ethanol are obtained from Fisher Scientific. Phosphate buffer saline
(PBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and Dulbecco’s modified eagle
medium (DMEM) are purchased from Gibco Life technologies.

Kandasamy G., Sudame A., Luthra T., Saini K, & Maity D. (2018). Functionalized Hydrophilic Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Application in Liver Cancer Treatment. ACS Omega, 3(4), 3991-4005.

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