Vancomycin hydrochloride

The Pharmakon 1600 repositioning compound library was purchased from
MicroSource Discovery Systems, Inc. (Gaylordsville, CT) and the Johns Hopkins
library was provided by Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD). Both libraries
were supplied in 96-well plates of 10 mM stocks of the compounds in either
dimethyl sulfoxide or water and stored in −80° C. Ornidazole,
miconazole nitrate, econazole nitrate, tioconazole, butoconazole, clotrimazole,
metoprolol tartrate, metoclopramide hydrochloride, chloroquine diphosphate,
miconazole, dimetridazole, nithiamide and methylthiouracil (Alfa Aesar, Ward
Hill, MA), dichlorophen, triclabendazole, closantel, nitazoxanide (Ark Pharm
Inc, Libertyville, IL), ronidazole, oxyclozanide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO),
tinidazole (TCI, Portland, OR) and niclosamide (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI)
were all purchased separately to confirm the results of both libraries.
Vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, Olivette, MO) and metronidazole
(BTC, Hudson, NH) were used as positive controls.

Clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis (Table 1) were obtained from the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources) and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Ampicillin (IBI Scientific, Peosta, IA, USA), closantel (Ark Pharm, Libertyville, IL, USA), gentamicin sulfate (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ, USA), linezolid (Chem-Impex International Inc., Wood Dale, IL, USA), niclosamide (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), oxyclozanide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), rafoxanide (TCI America, Portland, OR, USA), ramoplanin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St. Louis, MO, USA) were purchased from commercial vendors. Brain heart infusion (BHI), Tryptic soy broth (TSB), Tryptic soy agar (TSA) and enterococcosel agar were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Cockeysville, MD, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Corning (Manassas, VA, USA).

The bacterial strains used in this study are presented in Table 1. Auranofin (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY), mupirocin (AppliChem, Maryland Heights, MO), clindamycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), vancomycin hydrochloride (Gold Biotechnology, St Louis, MO), linezolid (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX), retapamulin (Oxchem Corporation, Irwindale, CA), crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich), 95% ethanol (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA), MTS assay reagent (Promega Corp., Madison, WI), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and fusidic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) were all purchased from commercial vendors. Mueller–Hinton broth was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and trypticase soy broth (TSB), trypticase soy agar (TSA) and mannitol salt agar (MSA) were purchased from Becton Dickinson & Co. (Cockeysville, MD).