The Actinomycetes isolates were cultured in yeast extract malt extract agar medium (ISP medium No. 2), prepared by dissolving 10 g malt extract (LobaChemie), 4 g yeast extract (LobaChemie), 4 g dextrose (Carl Roth GmbH), and 20 g agar (Carl Roth GmbH) in 1 L distilled water. Aerial mycelium color was recorded after the strains had reached abundant sporulation. In cases where the aerial mycelium color fell between two colors series, both colors were recorded. The color of the substrate mycelium was determined by observing the reverse (bottom) side of mycelium growth on the ISP 2 medium.
Malt extract
Manufactured by Carl Roth
Sourced in Germany
Malt extract is a concentrated syrup-like substance obtained by the partial hydrolysis of starch-rich grains, typically barley. It serves as a fermentable sugar source in various applications, such as the production of beer, bread, and other fermented products.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Yeast extract, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Dextrose, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Lactic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Methyl phenylacetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Linalool, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Phenylacetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Citric acid, by AppliChem (1 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
D glucose, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Trans nerolidol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 nonanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by AppliChem (1 mentions)
Nis elements software v4, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Eclipse ni microscope, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Kh2po4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Malt extract, by BD (1 mentions)
Mgso4 7h2o, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
5 protocols using malt extract
1
Actinomycetes Isolates Culture Protocol
2
Chemical Characterization of Authentic Standards
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Chemicals were obtained from the following suppliers: acetone (99.8%) from Acros Organics B.V.B.A., sodium carbonate (≥ 99%, water free), sulfuric acid (98%), d -glucose, malt extract, and sodium hydroxide (≥ 98%) from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany), d -fructose from Hamburger Zuckergesellschaft mbH (Hamburg, Germany), sucrose from Südzucker (Mannheim, Germany), and sodium hydrogen carbonate (≥ 99.7%) from Th. Geyer GmbH & Co. KG (Renningen, Germany).
Authentic standard compounds were purchased from commercial sources: geraniol (99%), malic acid (> 99%), 2-nonanone (99%), 1-octen-3-ol (98%), 2-phenylethanol (99%), and terpinen-4-ol (97%) from Acros Organics B.V.B.A (Fair Lawn, USA), phenylacetic acid (99%) from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, USA), acetic acid (100%), citric acid (water free), and oxalic acid-dihydrate from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany),l -tartaric acid (≥ 99.5%), eugenol (pure) from Carl Roth GmbH, linalool (97%), methyl phenylacetate (> 99%), trans-nerolidol (analytical standard), 2-nonanol (99%), and lactic acid (≥ 85%) from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA), and 3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde (95%) from TCI Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan).
Authentic standard compounds were purchased from commercial sources: geraniol (99%), malic acid (> 99%), 2-nonanone (99%), 1-octen-3-ol (98%), 2-phenylethanol (99%), and terpinen-4-ol (97%) from Acros Organics B.V.B.A (Fair Lawn, USA), phenylacetic acid (99%) from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, USA), acetic acid (100%), citric acid (water free), and oxalic acid-dihydrate from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany),
3
Fungal Strain Characterization on Diverse Media
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Strains were grown at room temperature on two types of malt extract agar: 1) MEA: 40 g/L malt extract (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany), yeast extract 4 g/L (Ohly, Hamburg, Germany), 1.5 % agar (Europäischer Agar, Otto Nordwald, Hamburg, Germany) and 2) MEX: 15 g/L malt extract (Becton Dickinson, containing 6 g malt extract base, 1.8 g maltose, 6 g Bacto glucose, 1.2 g Bacto yeast extract) and 1.5 % agar (Europäischer Agar, Otto Nordwald), as well as on potato dextrose agar (PDA: 39 g/L, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and synthetic Mucor agar (Benny 2008 ) (SMA: 40 g/L dextrose (Roth), 2 g/L asparagine (Reanal Laborvegyszer Kereskedelmi Kft., Budapest, Hungary), 0.5 g/L KH2PO4 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 0.25 g/L MgSO4×7H2O (Roth), 0.5 mg/L thiamine hydrochloride (Roth), 1.5 % agar (Europäischer Agar, Otto Nordwald). Macroscopic and microscopic features were studied after 3 and 7 d using a Zeiss Stemi 1000 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) and a Nikon Eclipse Ni Microscope (Nikon, Düsseldorf, Germany) with differential interference contrast and the NIS Elements software v. 4.30 (Nikon). Colours of the mycelia were described using the colour charts of Munsell (Anonymous 1990 ).
4
Cultivation of Fungal Pathogens
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Trichoderma atroviride IMI206040 was maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and incubated at 28 °C with a 12 h/12 h light cycle.
Fusarium culmorum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichoides, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium citrinum, P. crustosum, and Aspergillus versicolor were maintained on PDA or malt extract (MEX, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) agar at 25 °C in the dark or stated otherwise. S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, and R. solani have been described previously [16 (link),34 (link)]. The isolate Cercospora beticola 1437 is a verified isolate from a B. vulgaris CLS from a sugar beet field in lower Austria. The fungus was maintained on Czapek-Dox agar or PDA at 25 °C or otherwise stated. All other pathogenic strains were kindly provided by Agrana Research and Innovation Center (ARIC, Tulln, Austria).
Fusarium culmorum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichoides, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium citrinum, P. crustosum, and Aspergillus versicolor were maintained on PDA or malt extract (MEX, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) agar at 25 °C in the dark or stated otherwise. S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, and R. solani have been described previously [16 (link),34 (link)]. The isolate Cercospora beticola 1437 is a verified isolate from a B. vulgaris CLS from a sugar beet field in lower Austria. The fungus was maintained on Czapek-Dox agar or PDA at 25 °C or otherwise stated. All other pathogenic strains were kindly provided by Agrana Research and Innovation Center (ARIC, Tulln, Austria).
5
Cultivation of Escherichia coli and P. chrysosporium
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Chemicals for cultivation of Escherichia coli and P. chrysosporium DSM 1556, including yeast extract, malt extract, soytone, lysogeny broth, TRIS, MES, and salts for minimal media were obtained from Carl Roth (Germany). Beech wood chips for growth were obtained from J. Rettenmaier Söhne GmbH & Co. KG. (Germany). Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), lichenan, mannan, xyloglucan, and glucomannan were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA), and beech wood xylan was purchased from Carl Roth (Germany). para-nitrophenol (pNP), para-nitrophenyl-β-d -galactopyranoside (pNP-Gal), para-nitrophenyl-acetate (pNP-acetate), para-nitrophenyl-β-d -glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc), para-nitrophenyl-β-d -xylopyranoside (pNP-Xyl), para-nitrophenyl-β-d -mannose (pNP-Man), para-nitrophenyl-β-d -arabinofuranoside (pNP-Ara), and para-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d -glucosamine (pNP-GlcNAc) were purchased from Megazyme (Ireland), n-dodecyl β-d -maltoside (DDM) was obtained from Thermo Scientific (USA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) from VWR Chemicals (USA). The sources of supply of more methodology-specific reagents are reported in the corresponding procedure section.
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